A Brief Note On The Country Of Nigeria Essay - 1939 Words

Nigeria got their independence from Britain on 1st October, 1960. Within the country of Nigeria, they have over 371 tribes, but the main three that is well known are, Igbo, Hausa, and Yoruba. Within that 371 tribes, they have 521 language. Nigeria is well known for their petroleum, and they have other natural resources include natural gas, tin, iron ore, coal, limestone, niobium, lead, zinc and arable land. The maximum crude oil production capacity of Nigeria is 2.5 million barrels per day, and the whole world consume an average of about 19.4 million barrels per day. One might ask, what is the problem with a country with the maximum capacity of oil production at 2.5 million a day? The problem is that people in that country are living in poverty. According to the Food Aid International organization (FAI), â€Å"3000 adults and children die everyday of hunger and poverty,† (Xinhua). My research shows that there are many contributing factor why people are living in poverty, which are: Unemployment, bad education system, inequity, and corruption. But my research focuses on the leading cause of poverty in Nigeria, which is corruption within the government system. According to â€Å"BBC News,† it shows that almost 100 million people living in Nigeria lives under $1 a day. Corruption in Nigeria takes many forms and infiltrates all political institutions and economic sectors. The current government in Nigeria is not performing its task as promised when they were elected. When people run forShow MoreRelatedA Brief Note On The Country Of Nigeria1584 Words   |  7 PagesOne of the best ways to succeed in life is to work together. Unfortunetly for Nigeria, the lack of this characteristic has been endlessly causing it problems for years. The quarrel between the Muslims in the north and the Christians in the south has been constantly growing. This has recently led to very violent acts of protest and the taking of thousands of innocent lives. These acts of terrorism by northern Nigerian Islam extremists are becoming much more frequent because of a rather newly createdRead MoreRainy Season Of The Nigerian Climate1546 Words   |  7 Pagesclimate produces an extensive rainy season across the country, with rains beginning in the southern, coastal areas of the country in late February to early March and traveling north, reaching most areas by early summer, with rain lasting through September. While the northern part of the country typically sees the highest rainfall during August, the coastal areas see the most precipitation in May, June and October. Dry Season Northern Nigeria has a dry season lasting from October to April, with highRead MoreSporadic surveys during the past 25 years (Mekete and Van den Berg, 2003) indicated1100 Words   |  5 Pagesof various nematode genera were found of which short notes are given. Four species, Rotylenchulus borealis, S. brachyurus, S. clathricaudatum and S. mag- niphasmum are new records for Ethiopia. The survey was conducted during the June-Septem- ber 2002 cropping season. Two hundred samples were collected from different agro-ecological zones through- out the southern, western and southwestern regions of the country (Fig. 1). Samples were taken at a depth of 25-30 cm withRead MoreComparison of Mexico and Nigeria Essay1933 Words   |  8 PagesThe Adventure to Democracy 301100190 Simon Fraser University The Adventure to Democracy In the midst of the prevalence of democratic transitions, a number of developing countries are seeking to achieve the successful consolidation of civil order in modern days. Among those participants, Mexico and Nigeria has been spotlighted for the completely contrastive endings at the end of their long-adventures towards democratization since their independence; Mexico, from its independence, has maintainedRead MoreRevenue Allocation System in Nigeria Pre- Independence.3775 Words   |  16 PagesIntroduction Nigeria is Africa’s leading producer of oil and the seventh largest producer of crude oil in the world, and equally endowed with other numerous natural resources. But rather than utilizing its resources for maximum development, the country is unfortunately bedevilled with how to efficiently and effectively distribute oil revenues in an equitable manner. The revenue allocation phenomenon in Nigeria is basically the issue of distribution of national (resources) revenue, mobilized byRead MoreEssay on Oil Industry and Nigerian Development4319 Words   |  18 Pagesleast lead to increased revenue and financing of industrial growth which, arguably, is related to an increase in the quality of life of the population. In the case of Nigeria, the oil industry is a double-edged sword. Since the discovery of oil in 1956, the oil industry in Nigeria has greatly increased the financial resources of Nigeria, and yet has proven a constant stumbling block in the creation of effective intern al capability. The development of cutting edge technology and infrastructure, consideringRead MoreThe Role Of Staff Motivation On The Organization Performance Of Mrs Oil Nigeria Plc1831 Words   |  8 Pagesof MRS Oil Nigeria Plc. The limitation of this research is based on the fact that most workers are not open in answering questions concerning their salaries or personnel matters relating to them. However, the researcher will do her best to ensure she elicits adequate and correct information from the workers. BRIEF HISTORY OF MRS OIL NIGERIA PLC In December, 2009 the company formerly known as Chevron Oil Nigeria Plc changed its name to MRS Oil Nigeria Plc which is based in Lagos, Nigeria. MRS Oil NigeriaRead MoreThe Matter Of Foreign Aid1721 Words   |  7 Pagespolicies of international organizations, and assorted agreements with numerous countries, our role in foreign aid has continued to change over the decades to meet the growing needs of the developing and developed worlds. While we try to aid the developing world to the extent of our capabilities, there are several elements to consider – some of which in the past have often been neglected. When providing aid to countries in need, we fund programs through both Official Development Assistance, hereafterRead MoreProblems and Prospects of Theatre Entrepreneurship in the Nigerian Economy2129 Words   |  9 PagesArts, University of Jos, Nigeria) Abstract The business of theatre management is business of management. It is a culmination of the directive principles, canons and protocols governing theatre and management together to form a formidable team which thus makes a theatre entrepreneur. Being a theatre entrepreneur in Nigeria entails many dilemmas, challenges and hurdles. Thus, this paper seeks to address the problems and prospects facing theatre entrepreneurship in Nigeria. Introduction Theatre managementRead MoreDrop in Price of Crude Oil: Implication on the Nigerian Economy2414 Words   |  10 PagesDROP IN PRICE OF CRUDE OIL: IMPLICATION ON THE NIGERIAN ECONOMY PAPER DELIVERED TO BOARD OF DIRECTORS OF GUINNESS NIGERIA PLC Executive Summary The volatility in the prices of crude oil in the international oil market which was triggered by factors within the global economy has impacted the Nigeria economy to some degree with dire consequences for the implementation of the 2012 budget. Some of the factors which triggered the fall in oil prices include a massive

Analysis Of Human Cultural Identity Essay - 932 Words

This paper is intended to contain the analysis of the human cultural identity, as seen in the following five historical cultural periods: Enlightenment Culture; Greco-Roman Culture; Judeo-Christian Culture; Renaissance-Reformation Culture; and Industrialization-Modernism Culture. It also embodies examples of each era that are clearly stated, and how they relate to the cultural period. The cultural identity of the Enlightenment can be described as emphasizing the possibilities of human reason. This idea can be illustrated with such examples as Thomas Jefferson, Denis Diderot, and Protestantism. Thomas Jefferson was considered among one of the most brilliant American exponents of the Enlightenment culture. He had the time and the†¦show more content†¦Epicureanism is a philosophy based on the teachings of the Greek philosopher Epicuris. His views coincide with those of Heisenberg in the way that they display the incertitude of how it is impossible to know exactly what things will do or go. In example, he suggested that even atoms are free to move around spontaneously, without order. Any invention or its inventor would fit nicely into this cultural topic. Eli Whitney, for instance, and the cotton gin. This invention was one of the most important, it created a very substantial movement in history. Whitney used scientific knowledge to produce a machine that produced economic progress along with the advancement of less manual labor, and more production for sales. The Greco-Roman culture is one of a male dominant society, and conflicting obedience views. The idea was that men were controlled by reason, and women were controlled by passion, and that if women were not controlled by the practical reasoning men, that disastrous consequences would occur. The male prevalence in this civilization was evident in all perspectives of life including the arts that were created during this time period. For instance, the women were portrayed as clothed, mysterious, and deviant looking and the men as nude, perfected, and authoritative. This philosophical belief, was taken to the absolute extreme. Men were in a sense, afraid, of theShow MoreRelatedThe Presentation Of The Self By Irving Goffman1167 Words   |  5 Pagesself-presentation and identity work. Dramaturgy uses the theatre as an extended metaphor to explain how people perform a variety of social roles, like actors in a play, and that society is made up of groups of players working together to up hol d various social realities and functional institutions such as work, school, home, medical, legal or leisure. The two key components of this theory are ‘front and back’ and ‘impression management’, which enable analysis of how identity is presented and understoodRead MoreEthnicity, Culture And Identity1362 Words   |  6 PagesEthnicity, culture and identity are all anthropological topics that effect everyone in the world on a regular and constant basis. These matters are continually being discussed, analysed and debated within our society, issues arise from these matters and anthropologists are strive to understand the changes happening around us. The definitions of each of these words are controversial as everyone interprets them differently. Ethnicity refers to ‘The fact or state of belonging to a social group thatRead MoreA Qualitative Case Study : An Interpretive Research Paradigm1583 Words   |  7 Pagespositivist paradigm in which there is t he belief that there is only one truth and that objective reality does exist independent of human perception, this study employs the constructivist view of reality and the essence of phenomenon. The constructivists view truth as relative and dependent on one’s perspective. This paradigm â€Å"recognises the importance of the subjective human creation of meaning, but doesn’t reject outright some notion of objectivity† (Crabtree Miller, 1999, p. 10). This study concursRead MoreBecoming Black : Rap And Hip Hop, Race, Gender, Identity, And Politics Of Esl Learning1632 Words   |  7 Pagesthe journal database, I came across an article entitled Becoming Black: Rap and Hip-Hop, Race, Gender, Identity, and the Politics of ESL Learning by Awad El Karim M. Ibrahim. The author addresses many dimensions relevant to my own inquiry, which lead to a series of questions asked about its methodology and problematizing ‘identity’ in the reading: â€Å"At the end of the 20th century, when identity formation is increasingly mediated by technological media, who learns what, and how is it learned?† (IbrahimRead MoreThe Core Of Future Actions Toward Social Change1730 Words   |  7 Pagescentered around recognized social representation in the community as avenues of social mobility. Change shall be best achieved in the streets, powered by strong themes of cultural identity that defines an authentic identity for Aboriginal peoples in Australia- I will further suggest the potential of creative affairs to foster identity and erode racist actions of the future. Taking a look at the history of key movements of achieving change in areas of culturaization, it is important to notice that theRead MoreAnalysis Of Meanings And Concepts Of Culture Essay1422 Words   |  6 PagesThe analysis of meanings and concepts of culture The objective of this essay is to present and analyse the main definitions of the word culture through different social and historical processes, starting from the ancient times to the most modern times. Starting from the etymology of the word, the term culture derives from the latin word colà ¨re, that means to farm the land, and only after, this meaning was extended to the term cultus, that stands for a literate man, and there is a connectionRead MoreCritical Discourse Analysis1510 Words   |  7 PagesCritical Discourse Analysis Social communication is increasingly becoming a subject of scientists’ discussions from different disciplines, as well as ordinary language users.  In contemporary social sciences, especially in linguistics, we see a clear shift to discourse.  Discourse allows us to talk about use of the language, as well as the language as a socio-cultural activity.  In this sense, discourse, on one hand, reflects the social reality, on the other hand, it shapes it, therefore participateRead MoreLimitations Of Multiculturality1359 Words   |  6 Pagessocial actors to develop complex selves composed of a growing set of individual identities (Frank Meyer 2002; Smith-Lovin 2007). Within increasingly multicultural, multiethnic, multireligious societies, individuals potentially come to be located at the intersection of multiple and cross-cutting group affiliations, all related to different identities. This multiplicity has important implications because each identity exerts influence on s ocial thought and action (Stryker Stratham 1985; Tajfel 1978)Read Moreâ€Å"Whatever Affects One Directly, Affects All Indirectly† Toxic workplaces is a systemic and1300 Words   |  6 Pagesinterconnectedness and interrelations within systems, social systems theory explains the internal processes of the individuals in the organization, human systems theory explains how the culture or the environment of an organization effects the behavior of the humans in the organization, and conflict theory explains how human and power differences and social identity groups supports oppression. Emotional abuse is often considered the most damaging form of abuse, but also the most difficult to define, howeverRead MoreThe Lay Man s World1271 Words   |  6 Pagesand identity of those being portrayed. Some of these portrayals are not based on fact, but merely representations created through discourse to advance state and actor interests in regions of activity. This paper seeks to identity the role identity and culture play in international relations (IR) and world politics, how these representations are turned to reality, and how this reality changes the way states interact with one another. I In order to see what kind of a role culture and identity play

Corporate Social Responsibility Business Operations

Question: Discuss about theCorporate Social Responsibilityfor Business Operations. Answer: Introduction Corporate social responsibility is a business concept that refers to initiatives meant to benefit the society. Majorly CSR involves supporting projects meant to benefit the society and putting in place environment sustainability measures to avoid potential negative impact on the environment resulting from Business operations. Corporate Social responsibility is important for any business that desires to be successful because business success is dependent on its relationship with the public (Becker, 2012). Impact of Corporate Social Responsibility A company that aims at being successful should be socially responsible to its various stakeholders including its employees, the public and government agencies .There are many differences that exist between organizations that practice corporate social Responsibility and those that do not .Basically not only does corporate help the organization but also its various shareholders. Benefits to the Organization Increased Profits In my opinion a business that practices corporate social responsibility is likely to benefit tremendously form the strategy .Such a business is able to attract and maintain large pool of customers which translates to increased profits for the company. Reputation Reputation of an organization is very important. How a company competes favorably with its competitors is dependent on the reputation that it has in the eyes of the public .The reputation of the public is dependent on the activities carried out by an organization .So an organization that has in place environmental sustainability measures and which contributes to the uplifting of the living standards of the of the community where it is located through community based projects is likely to have a positive reputation. A positive reputation is what makes an organization to be prosperous while a negative reputation has the potential of crumbling a business. Access to Investment Funding Opportunities A Business whose operations are regarded as ethical and whose impact on the environment or on people is not negative can easily get funding to widen its operations .This is because agencies that are responsible for funding are likely to consider the activities which an organization engages in and their likely negative and positive impacts .This means that they can only fund operations that have potential benefits. Such organizations can also invest in other areas without any resistance from the people living in those areas. Cost Saving Additionally having in place sustainable measures can considerably reduce operation costs of organizations. Sustainable practices such as cutting on energy can be cost effective for an organization. Benefits to the Public/Community Safe Environment Corporate social responsibility ensures that organization or business enterprises do not pollute the environment (Kibert , 2012).This give the members of the community a chance enjoy a healthy and non polluted environment ensuring that their quality of life is not affected. Community Based Projects CSR also ensures that communities benefit from community based projects funded by organizations. Projects such construction of water projects such as bore holes for the community and supporting education programs serves in improving the quality of life (Jung, 2013). Benefits to Employees Encourages Personal and Professional Development Giving employees a chance to be involved in corporate social responsibility can facilitate learning of new skills which are outside their usual responsibilities. They are able to learn new approaches to doing things which can lead to their personal as well as professional development. Makes Work More Fulfilling Working on social and environmental causes makes employees work more fulfilling .this keeps the employees well motivated and reduces the amount of time that employees would have spent in seeking for fulfilling opportunities. Health and Well Being of Employees Employees working for a socially responsible organization are also able to enjoy good health and safety because of the measures put in place by their organizations. Main Issues Involved in CSR Many organizations take corporate social responsibility as being paramount to long term organization success .One of the issues involved in CSR is achievement of organizational objectives besides helping in positively impacting life of the community where they operate. Environmental responsibility is also another issue that is addressed in corporate social responsibility .CSR strategy aim at ensuring that the environment is maintained if not improved by elimination all forms of environmental pollution that are likely to result from business operations ( Sims, 2003). Of significant emphasis also is that CSR gives organizations an opportunity to be actively involved in public life through helping in generation of solutions to social problems. This ensures that good working relations with the community are maintained. All these activities contribute in maintaining a positive reputation for the organization. Legislations Supporting Corporate Social Responsibility Several governments worldwide have come up with legislations requiring business enterprises to be socially responsible so that any negative impacts on the wider society and the environment are regulated. These legislations are meant to supplement government efforts of ensuring environmental sustainability and provision of social services to make life for the public more fulfilling. Governments are also involved in human rights; they therefore use these legislations to ensure such rights are safeguarded. An example of this legislation is on by the United Kingdom Government .The government has taken a step to ensure that all organization are socially responsible to both the environment and the society .The legislation is quite effective . Recommendations for Moving Forward Corporate social responsibility has become a necessity in the current world .Because of the negative impacts on the environment that have been experienced as a result of in proper waste management as well as the challenges that continue to face many society such a slack of basic commodities such as water, food and quality education the need for Organizations to become more socially responsible has become an area of emphasis. Because of this reason all organizations should integrate a social responsibility program in their operations to ensure that they contribute positively to changing the lives of the people around them and also ensuring that they contribute in environmental sustainability. Governments should also put in place Legislations making it mandatory for all organizations by safeguarding the environment as well as maintaining the quality of life trough putting in place programs that are aimed in uplifting the status of the members of the communities where they operate. Conclusion I believe that corporate social responsibility is very important for any business that aims at remaining relevant and compete favorably with other competitors in the market. It would be appropriate therefore if all organizations became socially responsibility. The basis of my argument is the fact that corporate social responsibility benefits all the stakeholders in of an organization. My opinion concerning corporate social responsibility has been greatly transformed .Initially I did not attach much importance to the concept of social responsibility but since the beginning of this course I have drawn so much insight into the importance and relevance of organizations being socially responsible wherever they operate. References: BECKER, C. U. (2012). Sustainability ethics and sustainability research. Dordrecht, Springer. NEWTON, L. H. (2003). Ethics and sustainability: sustainable development and the moral life. Upper Saddle River, N.J., Prentice Hall. KIBERT, C. J. (2012). Working toward sustainability. Hoboken, NJ, Wiley. JUNG, C. (2013). Importance of business ethics and sustainability within supply chains. [Place of publication not identified], Grin Verlag. HOPKINS, M. (2007). Corporate social responsibility and international development: is business the solution? London, Earthscan. https://site.ebrary.com/id/10167752. MULLERAT, R., BRENNAN, D. (2011). Corporate social responsibility: the corporate governance of the 21st century. Alphen aan den Rijn, Kluwer Law International. SIMS, R. R. (2003). Ethics and corporate social responsibility: why giants fall. Westport, Conn. [u.a.], Praeger. MALLIN, C. A. (2009). Corporate social responsibility: a case study approach. Cheltenham, Edward Elgar. https://public.eblib.com/choice/publicfullrecord.aspx?p=487386. WERTHER, W. B., Chandler, D. (2011). Strategic corporate social responsibility: stakeholders in a global environment. ARAS, G., Crowther, D. (2010). A handbook of corporate governance and social responsibility. Farnham, Surrey, England, Gower. https://public.eblib.com/choice/publicfullrecord.aspx?p=483642. GO?SSLING, T. (2011). Corporate social responsibility and business performance. [S.l.], Edward Elgar.

Reflection is a vital tool in ... free essay sample

Reflection is a vital tool in nursing practice, that helps nurses recollect what they did and reflect on whether it went well or not and if not, and how they do it differently next time. Reflective account allows nurses to provide the best standard of care to their clients thereby empower them to measure their communication skills [Siviter, 2008]. Sully and Dallas [2010] argued that reflective account is vital to the development of nursing profession. They emphasised that reflective account is aimed to promote their efforts which will lead to their individual better practice. There are many barriers to reflection, they are; professional pride, lack of time and criticism, nevertheless, reflection can help us to avoid mistakes, it can also help to increase job opportunities as well as allowing people to make use of the best skill available [RNC,2013]. Majority of the people discover they learn from their experience and reflection is a good means to achieve that. We will write a custom essay sample on Reflection is a vital tool in or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page According to Professor Graham Gibbs, in 1988, he pinpointed six stages that can help reflective procedure thereby creating awareness to the people by learning from their past mistakes [Mind Tools, 2015]. Gibbs reflection stages includes, experience, feelings, evaluations, conclusion and action. Gibbs, 1988, emphasised that emotions and feelings have effect in a situation, he also recognises how individual feeling can have impact on situation and how person can reflect upon it [The Open Univrsity,2015]. On the first scenario, I think did not go well because I failed to take many factors into consideration, but still it was a great experienced because we learn by mistake, I believe next time I will not make such mistakes.At the end, I questioned myself whether the pace at which I communicated with Lona was appropriate? Did I really show enough empathy to Lona? Did Lona really receive the quality care he deserved? [Bagay, 2012]. I got myself answered with all these questions and refle ct on it for future amendment. To achieve best healthcare delivery, successful communication of the messages that links the clients, nurses and the carers together must be comprehended through active listening [Mary Ann Boyd, 2008]. I think empathy shown to Lona was not great, because despite I am aware of Lona hearing impairment, which I failed to notice that she did not wear her hearing aid at the time we were talking could be a big barrier to her understanding. She was also trying to tell me something but I could not understand, and I was not bothered, this could affect Lonas emotion because I failed to listen.To deliver an effective communication, we need to show empathy, which is about putting yourself in someone situation as well as knowing their need [Skill You Need, 2014]. To show an effective empathy, we must know the person we are working with and the type of communication that is the best for them, this will enable us to communicate effectively and thus make is easy for them to understand us better as well [Improve Your Social Skills.com, 2015]. In nursing, learning disability in particular, thorough understanding of understanding of our clients will give us ability to care and communicate with them genuinely and accordingly this will make them comfortable around us. As a result, person-cantered approach of communication will develop once we have understood their individual needs and able to deal with it accordingly [Improve Your Social Skills. com, 2015]. With my inability to show good empathy towards Lona, next time I believe I will do things differently. I will ensure that before starting conversation with Lona of anyone of her nature I will make sure not to rush to any communication to ascertain that everything is in place to achieve an effective communication between both party.Furthermore, I needed to work on my pace whenever I am communicating with other people to ensure better understanding on the other party. The reason being that, apart from the fact that I was in hurry when dealing with Lona because of another commitment which I had, I realised my pace in general was too fast to meet with the need of the people I am working with.According to [Skill You Need, 2014], the rate at which we take to speak or talk to people is called pace. To achieve an effective communication, Speaking Freely, 2015, argues that we must not talk too fast to allow the receiver to process it otherwise, it will turn to jargon. At the same time talk should not be too slow so as not to make it bore to the receiver. As a learning disability nurse, it is vital to maintain the same pace when dealing with our clients according to their individual need to keep the communication going smoothly. During reflection I realised Lona was not with me when I was talking to her probably because of my pace as well as some other factors, she was just sitting there staring at something without any sign of acknowledgment of what I was saying, showing she did not comprehend anything. Next time I will make sure that apart from putting everything in place, I will ensure my pace of speech is controlled to individual need and I will maintain it to the end. However, I will also ensure that, communication takes place in a perfect environment to avoid distraction, I should also make sure more time is allowed whenever I want to have conversation with any client to prevent rushing.

Chaco Canyon, the Architectural Heart of the Anasazi

Chaco Canyon, the Architectural Heart of the Anasazi Chaco Canyon is a famous archaeological area in the American Southwest. It is located in the region known as the Four Corners, where the states of Utah, Colorado, Arizona, and New Mexico meet. This region was historically occupied by Ancestral Puebloan people (better known as Anasazi) and is now part of the Chaco Culture National Historical Park. Some of the most famous sites of Chaco Canyon are Pueblo Bonito, Peà ±asco Blanco, Pueblo del Arroyo, Pueblo Alto, Una Vida, and Chetro Kelt. Because of its well-preserved masonry architecture, Chaco Canyon was well known by later Native Americans (Navajo groups have been living at Chaco since at least 1500s), Spanish accounts, Mexican officers and early American travelers. Archaeological Investigations of Chaco Canyon Archaeological explorations at Chaco Canyon began at the end of the 19th century, when Richard Wetherill, a Colorado rancher, and George H. Pepper, an archaeology student from Harvard, began to dig at Pueblo Bonito. Since then, interest in the  area has grown exponentially and several archaeological projects have surveyed and excavated small and large sites in the region. National organizations like the Smithsonian Institution, the American Museum of Natural History and the National Geographic Society have all sponsored excavations in the Chaco region. Among many prominent southwestern archaeologists who have worked at Chaco are Neil Judd, Jim W. Judge, Stephen Lekson, R. Gwinn Vivian, and Thomas Windes. Chaco Canyon Environment Chaco Canyon is a deep and dry canyon that runs in the San Juan Basin of northwestern New Mexico. Vegetation and wood resources are scarce. Water is scarce too, but after the rains, the Chaco river receives runoff water coming from the top of the surrounding cliffs. This is clearly a difficult area for agricultural production. However, between AD 800 and 1200, ancestral Puebloan groups, the Chacoans, managed to create a complex regional system of small villages and large centers, with irrigation systems and inter-connecting roads. After AD 400, farming was well established in the Chaco region, especially after the cultivation of maize, beans and squash (the three sisters) became integrated with wild resources. The ancient inhabitants of Chaco Canyon adopted and developed a sophisticated method of irrigation collecting and managing runoff water from the cliffs into dams, canals, and terraces. This practice- especially after AD 900- allowed for the expansion of small villages and the creation of larger architectural complexes called great house sites. Small House and Great House Sites at Chaco Canyon Archaeologists working at Chaco Canyon call these small villages small house sites, and they call the large centers great house sites. Small house sites usually have less than 20 rooms and were single-story. They lack big kivas and enclosed plazas are rare. There are hundreds of small sites in Chaco Canyon and they began to be constructed earlier than great sites. Great House sites are large multi-storied constructions composed of adjoining ​rooms and enclosed plazas with one or more great kivas. The construction of the main great house sites like Pueblo Bonito, Peà ±asco Blanco, and Chetro Ketl occurred between AD 850 and 1150 (Pueblo periods II and III). Chaco Canyon has numerous kivas, below-ground ceremonial structures still used by modern Puebloan people today. Chaco Canyons kivas are rounded, but in other Puebloan sites, they can be squared. The better-known kivas (called Great Kivas, and associated with Great House sites) were constructed between AD 1000 and 1100, during the Classic Bonito phase. Read more about Kivas Chaco Road System Chaco Canyon is also famous for a system of roads connecting some of the great houses with some of the small sites as well as with areas beyond the canyon limits. This network, called by the archaeologists the Chaco Road System seems to have had a functional as well as a religious purpose. The construction, maintenance and use of the Chaco road system was a way to integrate people living over a large territory and giving them a sense of community as well as facilitating communication and seasonal gathering. Evidence from archaeology and dendrochronology (tree-ring dating) indicates that a cycle of major droughts between 1130 and 1180 coincided with the decline of the Chacoan regional system. Lack of new construction, abandonment of some sites, and a sharp decrease in resources by AD 1200 prove that this system was no longer functioning as a central node. But the symbolism, architecture, and roads of the Chacoan culture continued for a few more centuries becoming, eventually, only a memory of a great past for later Puebloan societies. Sources Cordell, Linda 1997. Archaeology of the Southwest. Second Edition. Academic Press Pauketat, Timothy R. and Diana Di Paolo Loren 2005. North American Archaeology. Blackwell Publishing Vivian, R. Gwinn and Bruce Hilpert 2002. The Chaco Handbook, An Encyclopedic Guide. The University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City

How to Write a Book Review

How to Write a Book Review Many book aficionados write reviews. Thats great. However, if you are interested in writing reviews for publication or payment, you might consider how to formally write a review. In my own search for guidance, I came across this site that actually offers templates to escort you through the process. mybookbag.net.au/book-review-template/ But whether you write reviews for Amazon, blogs, magazines or newsletters/ezines, consider getting the formula right. Become known for your reviews and you might wind up as a paid reviewer, or as a minimum have a blog with advertisers knocking on your door. The University of North Carolina has a great post on this at its Writing Center. http://writingcenter.unc.edu/handouts/book-reviews/ Basically, a reviewer gives the reader a concise summary, offers a critical assessment (good and bad), and ends the review with a suggestion as to whether the audience would enjoy the book. Drus Book Musings is a fine example of prolific reviewing. She leans toward the cozy mystery but isnt limited Or you can do reviews awash with humor or sarcasm or dark slaps, creating a voice for yourself. Some of NPRs reviews are done in that vein, such as Christian Grey Began His Fictional Career as a Vampire. npr.org/2015/02/08/384695847/christian-grey-began-his-fictional-career-as-a-vampire Or you can write for online magazines like Charleston Currents, a journal for the South Carolina Lowcountry. http://charlestoncurrents.com/ Or Columbia, SCs Free Times. It took my best query abilities to entice the arts editor to provide an interview/book review of the Carolina Slade series. free-times.com/arts/agriculture-experience-bears-fruit-in-south-carolina-mystery-series-052814 You can become known for book reviews, but like all forms of writing, you have to be a honed writer, diligent, and consistent. It takes time, but you can find a way to take your enjoyment of reading to the book review level. It takes practice, hard work, and a knack for querying like all writing. Or you can do reviews on your own, on your blog, and in that case, you need to build up your following and let authors know you are there for them. Then warn the postal person, because free books will flood your living room! FINAL NOTE: Of course, if you need practice, you are welcome to do so with a Carolina Slade or Edisto Island Mystery.

Quiz show Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Quiz show - Essay Example They told them to choose topics that they were well versed with and at times provided answers to the questions. They choose one who was to be on the lead and the questions they were to get right or deliberately wrong themselves. In 1957 the producers set to put a new figure into the limelight of the show. In this case, they had to fail the current top contestant Herb Stempel by asking to deliberately get a question that he knew the answer wrong, in order to disqualify him. They wanted to bring in the new top contestant Charles Van Doren. Doren was considered to be more handsome and young. He was also a bit famous because he was the son of a famous politic family known in the academic circles. In this light, how would bring more vigor and drama to the show, hence maintaining is popularity. Many people in the studio thought that he was not going to accept but when the time came, he â€Å"took the dive†. Although he was against the decision, he never wanted to go against the studio, he did it in good will. Kantian Ethical principles state that the only thing that is intrinsically good is â€Å"good will†. This principle owes its existence to the Enlightenment rationalism from where it was coined. It is there possible to judge the actions of both Herb Stempel and Charles Van Doren based on the above theory. One thing that is clear is that Stempel was not willing to lie on a question that he very well knew the correct answer. However, since he was a sacrificial lamb he had no option but to play along and cheat in order to put Doren in the top position. He did in good will so as to ensure the success of the studio and the famous program. However, it was not right of Doren to take his brothers position as the top contestant, knowing that he rightfully earned it. Despite this, he had to accept the chance since he was going to be on top of the game and all the focus was to

Lulu lemon Value Chain Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Lulu lemon Value Chain - Assignment Example According to the report  the core mission of the company is to provide its clients with components that would ensure they live longer, more fun and healthier lives. This core value has been the driving force ensuring that the company provides fitness materials that meet the specific needs of its clients. This mission has also guided its efforts towards working with designers from various disciplines, thus contributing to the increased marketability of its products and services.This study declares that appropriate sales strategy, covering various parts of the world and offering wholesale as well as internet-based mode sale has significantly contributed to the massive success of the company. This has not only ensures that its products and services are access, by a wide range of clients, but also increased its competitive advantage due to low prices associated with wholesale products and services. Increased operational costs accompanied with increased net profit overtime; has enabled the company to improve the value of its products and services, thus attracting a large clientele base. The core mission of the company, based on ensuring funnier, healthier and longer lives among the clients, could be attributed to the improved success of the company from 2007 to 2012. Involving the participation of personnel from different disciplines to develop various designs for the company has ensured that the company attracts different dimensions of clientele base i.e. from young to the aged, children, women and men.

Of Mice and Men Essay Example for Free

Of Mice and Men Essay Through considering the roles of characters in the John Steinbeck novel Of Mice and Men I believe that the role of Curley’s wife is significant in the novel. Many aspects of her personality make her so important; other characters opinions on her also form a close judgment towards her from the beginning. I will be analysing her language and the way she communicates with the dominant males surrounding her at the ranch. I will look at how Steinbeck portrays her role in the novel and the impact that has on the reader and how they might perceive her character. When introduced it is clear that she is attention seeking and very much a flirt. Steinbeck describes her by saying, â€Å"She had full rouged lips† and that she was â€Å"heavily made up† and wearing â€Å"a cotton house dress with little red mules, on the insteps which were little bouquets of red ostrich feathers†. It becomes clear that she wasn’t just looking for Curley so she told George and Lennie, but attention from the many men who worked on the ranch. The fact that she was made up also implies that she has a lot of time on her hands and is somewhat bored. Steinbeck portrays her in this part of the novel as a flirt when she’s talking to the men, â€Å"She put her hands back and leaned against the door frame so that her body was thrown forward†. Furthermore, she tries her hardest to make conversation with the men, despite the fact they weren’t interested in speaking to her, she asks, â€Å"you’re the new fellas that just come, ain’t ya? George seemed reluctant to speak to her, he later referred to her as a â€Å"tramp† and â€Å"jail bait† what’s more he snapped at her when she was in the bunk house saying, â€Å"well he ain’t now† suggesting he just wants the conversation to end and for her to go. The introduction of Curley’s wife is an important part of her role, as the reader can easily draw a conclusion about her. Later on in the novel, when she is wit h Lennie in the barn, she says â€Å"go on feel right here† as she entices him to touch her soft hair. She should have known the consequence of what would happen, because she had already unveiled the dead puppy that Lennie had petted too hard, as he liked to pet nice, soft things. Obviously this slipped her mind when asking him to feel her hair, as she was focused on all the attention she craved. A key aspect to look at when analysing this particular character is that the writer, John Steinbeck, calls her â€Å"Curley’s wife† throughout the novel. Not giving her an individual and personal name indicates a lack of authority and that she is owned by Curley and doesn’t have her own independence. Curley’s wife herself also proclaims to being trapped and having regrets about the way her life could have been. In the final chapter when talking to Lennie in the barn she says, â€Å"I can’t talk to nobody but Curley. Else he gets made. † She also confides in him saying, â€Å"I get awful lonely† Steinbeck tries to paint the reader a picture of how much she despises the way her life is. She tells Lennie about how she could have been a star; how she was spotted and could have been â€Å"in the movies† it’s as if Curley is to blame for the terrible life she seems to lead. She tells him, â€Å"I coulda made somethin’ of myself†. It also becomes very clear that she is in the barn to talk about herself only, when Lennie tries to change the subject and move on to talking about himself being able to â€Å"tend the rabbits† she quickly interrupts and continues to talk about her own ambitions and problems. When she is unsure that Lennie has his full attention on her, she abruptly demands, â€Å"You listenin’? † she then goes onto say â€Å"I don’t like Curley he ain’t a nice fella†. Unusual as it is for a woman to talk of her husband this way, Steinbeck wants the reader to sympathise with her in a way. She didn’t want a life like this as she tells Lennie, and this may be why she acts in a way that draws attention. Before Curley’s wife is introduced properly in the novel, there is conversation about her between Candy, George and Lennie. Candy says, â€Å"Yeah purdy but well she got the eye†. Already we can draw a small conclusion the she doesn’t have the best reputation and the men on the ranch are wary of her flirtatious nature. George warns Lennie to stay away from her; he says fiercely to Lennie, â€Å"You don’t even take a look at that bitch† George acts a little distrustful of Lennie and suspicious that Curley’s wife could end up getting him into trouble. She seems to be aware that the men on the ranch are cautious of her, she says, â€Å"Ain’t I gotta right to talk to nobody? Whatta they think I am anyways? † when she’s talking to Lennie in the barn. She may be flirting to draw attention to herself, however the fact that she may be a little too flirt doesn’t cross her mind, and she is asking Lennie for assurance here and doesn’t quite know what she does wrong. In conclusion, I agree that Curley’s wife plays a huge part in the novel, affecting other characters around her and the opinion they have on her, whether it be good or bad. I can decide upon the fact she is after attention, but not just for vanity and self worth, she is lonely and unhappy with her life she lives along side Curley, she doesn’t like the way he treats her and so confides and gets close to other men on the ranch. John Steinbeck gives her an automatically inferior role as he names her just â€Å"Curley’s wife† and gives a clear understanding of her personality before she is even introduced in the novel.

Teaching Children :: Education, elementary education

In my opinion, I think children that age learn best with hands on activities. Being outside the classroom learning from natures elements and their own surroundings, instead of sitting inside all day and learning from books. While learning from text books is a must, teachers can always make it fun. By doing internet activities, with the growth of technology younger children are learning how to operate computers. Also, by doing board games meant for learning numbers and letters, puzzles in order for the children to learn shapes and sizes. There are so many things available today that teachers can use to teach younger children many different of learning and having fun with it. It is important for the children to understand and use what they learn in class on a daily bases. Not only in the classroom but at home also. This is where the parents come in at. The parent and teacher relationship should be on good terms when I child is this young. Keeping the parent updated on their kids behavior and academic status in the classroom should be a key point to the teacher. if the teacher and parents do not have this relationship then the child may not be able to learn to the best of their possibilities, like the other children in the class. On the other hand the teacher and pupil relationship should also be very important for the teacher. Understanding what a child needs in the classroom and how certain children learn and interact with each. There are many different kinds of children that learn different ways. Some need visual, audio, readers, or a combination of all of these. I feel a teacher needs to learn what kind of learner a student is, and learn how to met there needs to learn. If a teacher fails to do this then some of the children may be left in the dust to say, when learning a certain way. The most important thing a child could learn while in pre-kindergarten is their social skills. These skills are a major part that everyone needs to strive in this society. Social skills that are learned early in life have a big impact on them and can take them far in life. When this skill is learned in school the children are more at ease and considerate of others. This can be found in playing with each other children, sharing their toys,and being able to control their anger that other children might cause.

Value on Human Life

Maybe even in the value of dollars and cents. Every human values life in a slightly different way many may be similar but no one is the same that's why our values are different. Life Is a precious thing and people protect it with all they have. I would probably question why people have to pass away. We come into this world and live than die In a relatively short amount of time. People might question why do we have to die? For example In the Galoshes Epic, Galoshes a man who has recently suffered a friend's death questions why humans have to die.It's a great question and Galoshes goes through a great deal trouble to answer this everlasting question. People can't cope with death. They can't believe that the person they once saw everyday or maybe even just walked by them in a school hall, that they will never see them again. Non-existence from something that was very much alive not to long ago and still in our minds'. For instance Lance Armstrong, a world-class cyclist and a multi Tour De France winner was on top of the world until age 25 when he was diagnosed with testicular cancer.I don't know about you but a athlete is not the first person I picture when I hear the word cancer. Sadly death favors no man, Its preys on whom ever It wants. That's why when the cyclist Lance Armstrong got the terrible news he fought through It and defeated It even though the odds were against him. And he got out of the whole ordeal with a new state of mind. That Is something I respect, a person who starred at the face of death and said, â€Å"no now is not my time†. Lance Armstrong valued his life in the achievements and it's the simple things he valued when near death.Just to ride another bike race was what a dearly wanted. Valuating life as a experience of many glorious things and that I agree on with him. On the other hand, which I don't agree on at all, is Amanda Ripples article † What is life worth? † She describes how a dollar value was put on each of the Se ptember 1 lath victims in the planes and buildings for their family's to get a money relief for their loss. The money relief ranged anywhere from the hundred thousands to millions of dollars. This In retrospect seems like a great idea but It quickly became a horrible idea.It's human nature to want more almost anything so once when the government decided to hand out money to the victim's families' people Immediately wanted more money. Most of these families decided that money could replace a life. Surely money can't but it could help continue or renew ones life when someone looses a significant loss but he rather pursue his life raising his two daughters than pursue a lawsuit. People must go on with life because life doesn't have a dollar value on it it's what you did hear on earth when you were alive that counts not after death.In conclusion and to the words I try to live my life by is that â€Å"everyone dies but not everyone really lives†. We can spend our whole life Just g etting by to find a meaning or a value in life but I believe that life itself should be a precious value, over achievements, fame, and money. Live life to the fullest because you never know when it could end. Society should not but a certain value on a persons life, we are all humans and we are all some what capable of all the same things so life itself should be the main value we have.

Dependency on Technology Essay

Pornography addiction is one of the leading internet addictions, with 12% of the total number of websites are pornography sites. Video game addiction is also a large factor in internet addiction because of the large amount of MMORPG’s (Massively Multiplayer Online Role-Playing Game). The average MMORPG gamer will spend 20-25 hours per week on a game. Internet social interaction addiction is the most problematic of the three addictions because of the reliance of new social media including Facebook, Twitter, and Instant Messaging (â€Å"Internet Addiction Disorder† 2). Though each addiction has different orientations, they all can lead to the same risks if exaggerated. Internet addiction disorder may lead to many health problems if done for a long period of time and not changed. A main health condition caused by too much use on the computer is Carpal Tunnel Syndrome, which is caused by too much strain on the wrist bones (â€Å"Internet†, 2). Another is straining the eyes too much which can lead to tired/dry eyes, and also myopia. Next is weight gain, which can be caused by low amounts of exercise, high intake of carbohydrates and fats, tension on abdominal muscles which makes peristalsis (digestive system movement) slowed, and poor lymph movement that enables the body to remove toxins (â€Å"Mind Prison†¦ †, 5). There are also psychological problems that come from IAD that can lead to depression. An addict that is not using the Internet may have mood swings, feel angry, depressed, or restless (â€Å"Internet†, 2). Since the Internet is such a powerful multimedia experience, one may become desensitized to less stimulating modalities, like reading (â€Å"Mind Prison†¦ †, 5). † Maintaining a healthy physical and psychological lifestyle is important in order to continue living happily. The largest issue with Internet addiction is that the addict spend too much time online and in chat rooms that he/she loses the sense of verbal communication and outside interaction. The user be comes socially awkward and sometimes unable to express emotion without it being typed. He/she also may be involved in illegal activities like downloading illegal content or develop aggressive online personalities. Not only does the addict lose a sense of communication skills, he/she may also begin to lose family or friends (â€Å"Mind Prisons†¦ †, 5). By neglecting loved ones a building new relationships with online users, this leads to many new divorces. Also because of the addict being irritable when away from the Internet, it can lead to arguments that could become violent. In today’s society, Internet addiction is becoming a bigger problem with the improvement of technology and more social media sites.

Bigot, The All-Purpose Insult

Bigot, The All-Purpose Insult Bigot, The All-Purpose Insult Bigot, The All-Purpose Insult By Maeve Maddox Bigot, a word usually associated with religion, has expanded its meaning considerably. Its original sense was â€Å"a person who shows excessive religious zeal, a religious hypocrite.† Here are some (unedited) examples of its current use: Obama: Close-Minded Economic Bigot Sailor Calls Romney a ‘narrow-minded bigot’ Jehmu Greene: Portrait of Black Bigotry Liberals are some of the most bigoted people in America There are simple minded bigots on both sides of the isle. Kirstie Alley Slams Leah Remini as a Bigot After Anti-Scientology Remarks Elisabeth Hasselbeck flung a hefty tar ball in the direction of Joy Beharon Tuesday mornings The View Hot Topics segment, calling the carrot-topped co-host a bigot. [Arne] Duncans a bigot, a bully, an elitist and a foot-in-mouth fool all rolled into one The word bigot has been in the language since the Middle Ages. Of uncertain origin, it entered the language from French and quickly became a term of abuse. In modern usage, bigot, together with its other forms, bigotry and bigoted, is not confined to religious contexts. These definitions from the OED and Merriam-Webster illustrate the expanded usage. bigot: noun. a fanatical adherent or believer; a person characterized by obstinate, intolerant, or strongly partisan beliefs. OED bigot: noun. a person obstinately or intolerantly devoted to his or her own opinions and prejudices; especially: a person who regards or treats the members of a group (such as a racial or ethnic group) with hatred and intolerance. Merriam-Webster Bigot is a strong word, especially useful in today’s close-minded social and political climate. Its force is diluted by speakers who employ it as a knee-jerk term of abuse to fling at anyone who merely voices a different opinion on some matter. opinion: a view held about a particular issue; a judgement formed or a conclusion reached; a belief; a religious or political conviction. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:5 Uses of InfinitivesTry to vs. Try andNeither... or?

End- or Endo- Biology Prefixes and Suffixes

End- or Endo- Biology Prefixes and Suffixes The prefix (end- or endo-) means within, inside or internal. Examples Endobiotic (endo-biotic) - referring to a parasite or symbiotic organism that lives within the tissues of its host. Endocardium (endo-cardium) - inner membrane lining of the heart that also covers heart valves and is continuous with the inner lining of blood vessels. Endocarp (endo-carp) - the hard inner layer of pericarp that forms the pit of ripened fruit. Endocrine (endo-crine) - refers to the secretion of a substance internally. It also refers to glands of the endocrine system that secrete hormones  directly into the blood. Endocytosis (endo-cytosis) - transport of substances into a cell. Endoderm (endo-derm) - inner germ layer of a developing embryo that forms the lining of the digestive and respiratory tracts. Endoenzyme (endo-enzyme) - an enzyme that acts internally to a cell. Endogamy (endo-gamy) - internal fertilization between flowers of the same plant. Endogenous (endo-genous) - produced, synthesized or caused by factors within an organism. Endolymph (endo-lymph) - the fluid contained within the membranous labyrinth of the inner ear. Endometrium (endo-metrium) - inner mucous membrane layer of the uterus. Endomitosis (endo-mitosis) - a form of internal mitosis in which chromosomes replicate, however the division of the nucleus and cytokinesis do not occur. It is a form of endoreduplication. Endomixis (endo-mixis) - reorganization of the nucleus that occurs within the cell in some protozoans. Endomorph (endo-morph) - an individual with a heavy body type predominated by tissue derived from the endoderm. Endophyte (endo-phyte) - a plant parasite or other organism that lives within a plant. Endoplasm (endo-plasm) - the inner portion of the cytoplasm in some cells such as protozoans. Endorphin (endo-dorphin) - a hormone produced within an organism that acts as a neurotransmitter to reduce the perception of pain. Endoskeleton (endo-skeleton) - an organisms internal skeleton. Endosperm (endo-sperm) - tissue within the seed of an angiosperm that nourishes the developing plant embryo. Endospore (endo-spore) - an inner wall of a plant spore or pollen grain. It also refers to a non-reproductive spore produced by some bacteria and algae. Endothelium (endo-thelium) - thin layer of epithelial cells that form the inner lining of blood vessels, lymphatic vessels and heart cavities. Endotherm (endo-therm) - an organism that generates heat internally to maintain constant body temperature.

American and Japanese Motorcycles Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

American and Japanese Motorcycles - Essay Example This proved to be a fatal mistake. With the introduction of Honda CD450 they came into the limelight. This bike was great looking, affordable and could outrun any stocky Harley-Davidson with double the engine size time and time again without breaking down like the Harley tended to do. When Honda came up with its new four cylinders CB750, there was no doubt Japanese motorcycles were here to stay. This bike was incomparable to any other in the world being faster, reliable and affordable as well. In the early 1980, the major four Japanese motorcycle manufacturers produced what were known as UJM’s or Universal Japanese Motorcycles. These machines underlined the complete usefulness and utilitarianism of large displacement bikes like Kawasaki Z-1, Honda’s CB 750, Yamaha’s XS 1100 and Suzuki’s GS 1000 and were meant to complete the broad spectrum of two wheeled transportation roles. The Suzuki Katana was the first Japanese motorcycle to come on road with looks that killed. Some consider the Katana as a stroke of High-Tech brilliance while traditionalist dismissed it as a styling fluke that would quickly be forgotten as had Harley Davidson’s slow selling XLCR cafà © racer. Most Japanese manufacturers Suzuki included were satisfied in making Non-Harley looking motorcycles. Yamaha’s Virago and Honda’s Shadow were the first cruisers to offer proprietary motors. But Yamaha took a gamble by offering a sporty standard powered by the same 920cc V-Twin motor found in the Virago. Like most sport bikes of the day Kawasaki GPZ was still quite a different machine when compared to the racing bikes in the world racing circuits. Despite its top end performance, most riders purchased a GPZ or Honda interceptor for its racy looks. Yamaha’s FJ is another high performance Japanese bike with advanced technology, but was compromised by its design, which was made more for comfort. Yamaha’s FZ 750 was another step towards what the GSX-R would eventually deliver.

HIS 342 question set 2 Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

HIS 342 question set 2 - Research Proposal Example Primary education, conscription head tax, and military service were to be applied to non-Muslims and Muslims alike. However as Gelvin (2005) notes, "for all its good intentions a policy that attempted to establish equality among Ottoman citizens satisfied few Muslims or Christians" (p. 100). In summary, Osmanlilik ensured that all communities were considered equal in rights and responsibilities regardless of religious background. The Young Turks rebelled against the Sultan by drawing on sentiment among primarily the intellegentsia whom they were a part of as well as public mass sentiment of Turks and thereby leading to the successful overthrow of his power. Similar to the Osmanlilik the young Turks were interested in maintaining the Ottoman Empire's control which was rapidly diminishing. Unlike the Osmanlilik, the Young Turks combined a previously unlikely union of reform-minded pluralists, Turkish nationalists and Western-oriented secularists and indeed anyone who accorded the Sultan political blame for the weakening state of the Empire. The Young Turks had outlined four core reasons for their disgruntlement: a) a thirty year increasingly centralized government, b) increasing surveillance of all aspects of life leading to c) the assassination and exile of anyone who opposed the powers of the Sultan, and d) the consciousness that foreign dominance was increasingly a threat to the entire empire and that this would inevitable lead to the demise of the empire a responsibility that the Young Turks believed to be on the hands of the Sultan (Oktem, 2003). The Young Turks tried to employ Osmanlilik, which saw a revival during this time. This was done to strengthen the Empire however they were unsuccessful in doing so, making Turkish ethnicity dominant and overbearing and thereby straining relations with the ethnic minorities of the region (Oktem, 2003; Gelvin, 2005). 3. Future As discussed in response #1 the fact that the pioneers of Turkish nationalism the Osmanlilik and Young Turks had borrowed ideas from the French Revolutionaries and European Enlightenment illustrates that they were somewhat eager to transcend religious involvement in the State thereby laying the foundations for the modernization of Turkey in the 20th century. Enlightenment policies rejected the role of religion or tradition in society and especially the governing of that society. The rationale for this being that a traditional society in which religion predominated was not only locked within an archaic framework of thinking but that it would inevitably prejudice the rights of those who were either non-followers or non-religious. As such, and according to Oktem (2003) the modernizing of Turkey really was well seasoned upon the founding of the Turkish Republic in 1923 by Officer Mustafa Kemal. Kemal, wishing to reach the level of Enllightenment of contemporary civilization broke away f rom the Turkish/Islamist past. The modernization of Turkey during this time included reforms such as secular/republican forms of government, European legal codes, the emancipation of women and the abolition of Arabic script all of which were looked upon favorably and all of which were previously embraced by Osmamlilik and the Young Turks (Gelvin, 2005; Khater, 2004). 4. 1870s The world wide economic downturn of the 1870s otherwise known as the Long Depression ran from

Architecture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Architecture - Essay Example The basic architectural context constitutes of the external and internal circumstances that entail the setting for a statement, event or idea in the terms which it can be assessed and understood (Fritsch 11). From a utilitarian point of view, buildings are a product of the social political, religious and economic needs of a society and their attributes range from size, material and design are a reflection of the prevailing temporal and special environments. Throughout human history and contemporary times the architects have always responded to the climate and physical environment or cultural beliefs or intellectualism and popular ideologies. Therefore, modern designers are obligated to take careful consideration of the temporal context as they create new architectural designs because architects that disregard this concept ultimately risk making culturally irreverent and inferior designs. In this essay this position is primarily defended by and introspection of retrospective architect ural designs that have cemented their place in culture and history of their retrospective as well as some of the cultural factors that should be considered when architect are trying to design cultural strong and consistently relevant structures. A generic example of this is the pyramids of Giza and Memphis; their intricate geometrical design can be attributed to the prevailing temporal developments in mathematics since the ancient Egyptians were among the first people to develop a several mathematical concepts. That the pyramids are some of the vastest works or architecture bespeaks the fact that they had a lot of space in which to build them. Outside the silt rich Nile valley, and there was very little arable land therefore unlike other cultures; the Egyptians could afford to build on huge tracts without compromising grazing of farm (Barta 178). The pyramids despite their sheer size and potential for occupancy were never meant for the living but only the dead kings and their servan ts (also dead). From a western point of view, and this may have been seen as an extremely wasteful and impractical; however, to the Egyptians it was the natural thing to do based on the their deep seated beliefs in the divinity of their rulers and life after death. These structures are also a reflection of the economic prowess of the Egyptian civilization and they have been used just as the romans were to later use the coliseum to symbolize their power. The particular use of the Egyptian pyramids is based on the act that they embody many of the contextual dimensions that this paper shall base its arguments on in supporting the thesis. In a study dedicated to the â€Å"Ethno archaeological Study of Vernacular Architecture in Tigray, Ethiopia†, Diane Lyon examines the various temporal and special dimensions and considerations that inspire and construed indigenous and modern architecture in Ethiopia over the course of the last two centuries. This particular article is inclined t owards the temporal aspects of architecture as it seeks to investigate the cultural significance of architecture within the time in which it is restricted. By examining vernacular architecture described as an indigenous and none-elite domestic practice of construing domestic habitation, he intends to compare the social and political significance that came with specific architectural designs (Lyon 184). The Tigrayan rural houses were viewed both as political and local prerequisites which were instrumental and reflective of all social political and economic action throughout the spectrum. One of the themes in the Tigryan architecture than emerges prominently is the usage of wood specifically to decorate the interiors of houses more so the roofs of the traditional house made from mud

Analysis of Food Supply Chain Models

Analysis of Food Supply Chain Models Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 Globalization in Food Industry background Since last decade, Globalization is a trend in the food industry due to growing potential markets in various developing countries and changing consumption pattern of the people. Integration of international food markets and increasing expansion in international markets of the firms is the most significant trends in global economy. Market liberalization and scientific progress gave rise to globalization. Even though consumer diets are gradually changing globally; there are variations in food shopping patterns around the world which is mostly based on income levels. The focus of food retailing industry in developing and developed countries was different with respect to consumers and the type of food demanded. The trend was that the developing countries retailers focused on high value food while the developed countries retailers focused on meeting consumer demand with respect to quality, security and choices. Thus various retailers are now looking at exploring new markets and using more opportunities in different kinds of developed and developing markets. Retailers have the information regarding the consumer preference and the standard of living which in then applied for research in segmenting the market according to market demand, affordability as well as quality. Hence food retail sectors is continuously growing and making innovative sale systems. The global food retail sale has increased up to $2 trillion yearly and the top 15 global supermarket companies’ account for more than 30 percent of world supermarket sales. Bourlakis (2004) opines that â€Å"The current changes are driving food supply chains to take up coordination between producers and retailers to aid modifying products to meet consumer demands. The food supply chain progressed from series of shorter, independent transfers to more unified, coherent relationship between processors, manufacturers and retailers†. Lubbers (1997) refer to the term globalization, meaning the global sourcing of raw materials combined with local marketing. Stalk and Hout (1990), Christopher (1992) and Hewitt (1994) suggested that â€Å"The keys to long-term competitive advantage in today’s marketplace are flexibility andcustomer response†. To maximize a competitive advantage, all members within the Supply Chain should ‘seamlessly’ work together to serve the end consumer (Towill, 1997).The effects of globalization (i.e. open markets), the market entranceof new competitors, and stricter governmental requirements for food safety and environment friendlyproduction place increasing demands on management. This study will examine some of the food supply chain models, evaluating it whether the consumer preferences are bringing changes in the global food supply chain model. Further effort will be made to analyze the changing patterns of traditional and evolving model for existing food supply chains and how it affects the sale and demand of foods in the market. With the introduction of supermarkets in the 21st century more and more traditional grocery outlets have suffered a fall in share from 40 percent in 1995 to 36 percent in 2005 and thus their was rise of supermarkets (Neff 1997a).Thus globalization has come into picture where more and more supermarkets are establishing in various countries due to decline in international trade barriers and more opportunities for investments as well as growth as a multinational. 1.2 Statement of The Problem There are various factors which affect the global food supply chain pattern and every stage of supply chain undergoes some kind uncertainties which cause inefficiencies in firm’s logistics. Food industry is also facing various issues regarding proper planning of distribution system which incurred a high cost to the retailers. Due to high competition and growth in the retail sector, many manufacturers and retailers have understood that there can be significant amount of cost reduction by making improvements in logistics. This can be achieved when the suppliers and the manufacturers work together to give better value to the consumer by maximizing costumer satisfaction and minimizing cost of distribution. Thus there is a need to redesigning a supply chain model. UK’s Milk supply chain is one of the complex food supply chains.UK is considered as one of the largest milk producers in EU. However, the major concern for UK is that even if the UK is mainly self-reliant in milk, the value of UK exports of milk products is significantly lower than the value of imports and in 2007 the UK had a trade deficit of about  £881m in dairy products. (Defra, 2007).Several reason have been estimated which has led to issues in dairy sector in UK.Thus the above issues raised a demand for further in-depth investigation. They thus form the basis for this study. 1.3 Purpose of The Study The purpose of study is to examine the food supply chain model present in global food industry as well as UK’s milk production and supply chain in particular. Specially, the purpose of the study was: To identify the changing food system pattern in food manufacturing and retailing globally. To highlight conventional and developing model for existing food supply chains and to asses its affects on the global food market. To find out the socio-economics impact of changing pattern of food supply chain on society. To study the supply chain models and to examine how the model could be designed more effectively and efficiently in order to improve supply chain uncertainties. To examine the reason of decline in the milk supplies in UK which leads to decrease in milk exports and increase in milk import even if UK is self sufficient in milk production. 1.4 Research Questions To provide focus and direction for the study and to successfully carry it out, the following research questions have been raised: a) Do the changing pattern of food distribution system have an effect on consumer and retailer’s relationship? (b) If they do, in what ways it effect the consumers? What changes should be undertaken to improve on distribution system? Which are the important factors for food supply chain developments and the important characteristics of the food retail sectors, and their effects on the food supply chain? What is the need to redesign food supply chains model? What are the strategic, tactical and operational decision made for food supply chain decision like production and distribution? How globalization in food industry has helped in growth of the world economy? Has the retail sector become more powerful then food manufacturing sector? What are the issues in Milk supply chain in UK? What is the reason for higher import of milk? What is the percentage of production of processed milk products in UK? What are the demand and supply of these milk products? 1.5 Significance of The Study This research work is to look at the current supply chain process in UK and evaluate the food supply chain model in order find out the changing patterns of global food supply chain which affects the consumer. Thus the study is significant for the following reasons: First it will help shed light on the ongoing transformation in the food industry globally. It will also help us to understand certain issues which exist in different processes of supply chain management. Also findings from the study may serve as a basis for evaluation of entire food supply systems which has shifted from national to global retailing. This will help them to adopt feasible measures to improve the relationships between retailers, manufacturers and consumer. The study will also contribute to existing knowledge on what encouraged the retailers, distributors and manufacturers to improve on the efficiencies of existing food systems. This could help strengthen retailing internalization which will further help in focusing more on increasing sale growth and market share than on profitability. The growth in private label and consumer interest brought about new changes in food retailing. In this way, the study will serve as basis for further research on the topic in the various countries as well as all over the world for the particular type of food product supply chain. Further case study is performed on UK dairy industry. It will address the positive as well as negative aspects in this sector. It also points out the market share for each dairy product and issues in dairy sector. The study also suggests the scope for future innovations in this sector. 1.6 Organization of The Study The study is organized in following way: Chapter one provides general information of the study, the research problem, purpose of study and research questions and objective of study. It would also present information on the significance of the study, limitation and organization of the study. Chapter Two presents background information and key characteristic of food supply chain globally. Chapter Three presents a review of available literature related to supply chain. In particular, literature on the concept of changing global supply chains perspectives as well as the socio economic effect on the people due to change in food supply chain as well as relationship between society and changing supply chain will be studied. Chapter four focuses on the dairy food supply chain model, its characteristics and future of the dairy supply chain sector. It will also focus on issues in production of milk and milk products. Chapter five presents the summary and conclusion of the research findings. It also discusses the findings and implications of the present study and provide a conclusion. Chapter 2 Backgroud 2.1. Introducing global retail industry Last year in 2007, national statistics confirmed that there were 55,540 retailers having around 103,000 retail outlets globally. The world’s major food retail companies are Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., Carrefour Group, The Kroger Co, Metro AG and many more. This company originates from different countries like US, France, Germany but they have made their mark in international markets also. Wal-Mart being the leader has expanded in over 9 countries and operates nearly 1,300 outlets across North America, South America, Europe and Asia. After acquiring the large market share in developed countries, these major retailers are looking at developing markets like China and India. There is extreme competition in retail markets because companies are always looking for acquisition prospects for further expansion. White et al., 2004, opined that â€Å"there is speculation that Carrefour, the world’s second biggest retailer by revenue may be in the sights of Wal-Mart, the only retailer that is bigger, which unsurprisingly, recently signalled it would like to start expanding more aggressively in Europe†. Reduced trade barriers and regulations have facilitated the global companies to enter the markets of developing economies like India while in China the government has increased the barriers in order to increase the competition between the global companies. Grocery and Food retailing are getting concentrated. According to the Euromoniter report 2007, â€Å"the mature markets of Western European and US markets along with growing saturation in Eastern Europe have turned retailers focus to the BRIC (Brazil, Russia, India and China) markets, which show extraordinary growth potential†. Retailers are developing retailing strategies by doing market research specific to a particular geographical region and then using technical innovations and marketing knowledge to develop in that area. There are large formatted supermarkets, hypermarkets and a few small sized formatted stores and grocery stores. Private labeling of the retailers brands are the growing trends now a days and they have become successful as well due to the quality of products they provide at much cheaper rates. Worldwide: Top 30 Grocery Retailers, 2006 Table1. Rank/ Company Country of Origin Retail Banner Sales 2006 (USD mn) Market Share (%) Net Sales (USD mn) (1) Grocery Retail Banner Sales (%) Domestic Sales (%) Foreign Sales (%) 1 Wal-Mart USA 376,430 6.3 344,992 45.6 78 22 2 Carrefour France 122,214 2.0 97,739 73.9 47 53 3 Metro Group Germany 87,360 1.5 75,131 48.0 45 55 4 Tesco UK 86,827 1.5 78,451 73.3 75 25 5 Seven I (2) Japan 79,101 1.3 41,600 67.8 66 34 6 Ahold Neth. 77,546 1.3 56,299 84.4 18 82 7 Kroger USA 69,549 1.1 66,111 70.5 100 0 8 Sears USA 64,833 1.1 53,012 11.8 88 12 9 Costco USA 64,737 1.1 58,963 61.0 80 20 10 Target USA 62,584 1.0 59,490 30.4 100 0 11 Rewe Germany 56,448 0.9 54,515 75.3 68 32 12 Casino France 55,298 0.9 25,752 74.7 58 42 13 Schwarz Group Germany 55,160 0.9 50,224 82.6 54 46 14 AEON (2) Japan 55,157 0.9 41,431 55.5 90 10 15 Aldi Germany 54,104 0.9 49,948 83.5 53 47 16 Auchan France 53,608 0.9 48,408 62.6 50 50 17 Walgreens USA 49,874 0.8 47,409 36.0 99 1 18 Edeka Germany 48,525 0.8 40,277 85.4 93 7 19 CVS USA 46,092 0.8 43,814 30.0 100 0 20 Safeway (USA) USA 43,770 0.7 40,185 75.4 83 17 21 Leclerc France 40,435 0.7 36,432 61.4 94 6 22 ITM (Intermarchà ©) France 36,931 0.6 33,976 76.9 90 10 23 Sainsbury UK 36,071 0.6 31,360 75.6 100 0 24 Woolworths (AUS) Australia 34,255 0.6 31,243 72.1 89 11 25 SuperValu USA 32,278 0.6 37,406 73.0 100 0 26 Tengelmann Germany 31,566 0.5 29,255 62.0 58 42 27 Coles G

Cloning Essay -- essays research papers

Many have imagined what it would be like to have a clone of themselves. Many have also feared the thought of having a clone. Due to popular belief that a clone would be an exact duplicate. An incorrect presumption made by many. Proceeding along side is the religious beliefs and the controversial ethicality and morality aspects of human cloning. A stance taken by many religions and their congregations. In reality the public has a very narrow sense of what human cloning is. Rather than research and understand the scientific aspect of human cloning, they instead take faith in what the media and movies portray human cloning to be. It is from this information source that a majority base their decision on weather human cloning is ethical or unethical. Human cloning is a new challenge for science and that by pursuing it we will become enlightened in who and what the human being is and its true potential. The truth is that despite the many claims of religious leaders and anti-cloning protesters, human cloning may truly be the key to curing all disease and cancers that have plagued humans from the, dawn of human. The questions is," Do the benefits of human cloning out weigh the risks and ethicality of society?'   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Lee M. Silver, a professor of molecular biology at Princeton University, wrote "Cloning Misperceptions," from Remaking Eden: Cloning and Beyond in a Brave New World. Silver asks, "Why do four out five Americans think that human cloning is morally wrong?" Silver answers by pointing out that people have a very muddled sense of what human cloning is. This accredited to the fact many people perceive what they see in the media and movies and associate it with reality. For example, the movie Multiplicity where a man has himself cloned and then his clone makes a clone of itself this happens two more times and each time a clone was made it became less intelligent. This brings up his next point which was depicted in the movie Blade Runner, many people believe a human clone would not have a soul, because it would be a replication of a living thing that is still in existence. Which is not true since a clone child is conceived and birthed like any normal child would, from a mother's womb. And just like any other child, the clone would have a mind and personality o... ...bility to reverse the effects of a heart attack by injecting healthy heart cells into the damaged areas. Condemnation of this new technology could be denying human beings the key to finding the a cure for all diseases and cancers. And the enlightenment of who and what we are.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The truth is that human clones are just has human as any one else and do not deserve to be treated like second rate citizens. Clones have souls too and are autonomous individuals with their conscience and personalities. Parents need to be given more credit in that they would not objectify their cloned children, but love them unconditionally. Cloning should not be condemned, due to fear for the unknown, but should be explored to benefit human kind and enlighten us on who and what we are. Human cloning is a new frontier that will have its own obstacles and walls to climb over, go around, or go under. Human cloning will be cherished and prized for what it has brought humanity, new medical technologies, along with cures for disease and cancer. Unfortunately it is inevitable, but a sacrifice will be made some where as with many past medical advancements. Cloning Essay -- essays research papers Many have imagined what it would be like to have a clone of themselves. Many have also feared the thought of having a clone. Due to popular belief that a clone would be an exact duplicate. An incorrect presumption made by many. Proceeding along side is the religious beliefs and the controversial ethicality and morality aspects of human cloning. A stance taken by many religions and their congregations. In reality the public has a very narrow sense of what human cloning is. Rather than research and understand the scientific aspect of human cloning, they instead take faith in what the media and movies portray human cloning to be. It is from this information source that a majority base their decision on weather human cloning is ethical or unethical. Human cloning is a new challenge for science and that by pursuing it we will become enlightened in who and what the human being is and its true potential. The truth is that despite the many claims of religious leaders and anti-cloning protesters, human cloning may truly be the key to curing all disease and cancers that have plagued humans from the, dawn of human. The questions is," Do the benefits of human cloning out weigh the risks and ethicality of society?'   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Lee M. Silver, a professor of molecular biology at Princeton University, wrote "Cloning Misperceptions," from Remaking Eden: Cloning and Beyond in a Brave New World. Silver asks, "Why do four out five Americans think that human cloning is morally wrong?" Silver answers by pointing out that people have a very muddled sense of what human cloning is. This accredited to the fact many people perceive what they see in the media and movies and associate it with reality. For example, the movie Multiplicity where a man has himself cloned and then his clone makes a clone of itself this happens two more times and each time a clone was made it became less intelligent. This brings up his next point which was depicted in the movie Blade Runner, many people believe a human clone would not have a soul, because it would be a replication of a living thing that is still in existence. Which is not true since a clone child is conceived and birthed like any normal child would, from a mother's womb. And just like any other child, the clone would have a mind and personality o... ...bility to reverse the effects of a heart attack by injecting healthy heart cells into the damaged areas. Condemnation of this new technology could be denying human beings the key to finding the a cure for all diseases and cancers. And the enlightenment of who and what we are.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The truth is that human clones are just has human as any one else and do not deserve to be treated like second rate citizens. Clones have souls too and are autonomous individuals with their conscience and personalities. Parents need to be given more credit in that they would not objectify their cloned children, but love them unconditionally. Cloning should not be condemned, due to fear for the unknown, but should be explored to benefit human kind and enlighten us on who and what we are. Human cloning is a new frontier that will have its own obstacles and walls to climb over, go around, or go under. Human cloning will be cherished and prized for what it has brought humanity, new medical technologies, along with cures for disease and cancer. Unfortunately it is inevitable, but a sacrifice will be made some where as with many past medical advancements.

Change models Essay

Scenario Planning: Supplementing Traditional Strategic Planning It is clear the rate of change in today’s work environments has been aggravating with more emphasis nowadays on smaller teams, incremental and rapid delivery, faster payback, and frequent project status reporting. This acceleration has instigated uncertainty that forced organisations to start supporting their strategic planning with a longer term perspective of planning called scenario planning or scenario thinking/analysis. Scenario †¦ Read More A Simple Method to Split a WordPress Post into Multiple Pages One of the most effective ways to increase the number of page views and decrease the bounce rate of your site is by splitting your long posts into several pages. In the first part of the article, you will learn in 2 steps how to split a post in WordPress using the codex function wp_link_pages() and the tag. In the second †¦ Read More Boosting Your WordPress Site’s Performance By Enabling GZIP Compression Ever heard of GZIP? It is a simple software application that compresses/decompresses files based on an algorithm named DEFLATE. It works by finding similar strings in a text file and replacing them temporarily to make the overall file size smaller which would drastically improve the performance of your website. The algorithm perfectly works with CSS and HTML filetypes which typically †¦ Read More Improving Quality of Project Estimation It is clear that estimating a project is important for the project manager to determine how long the project would take, to figure out how much the project would cost, to decide whether the project is worth doing, to measure variances against the baseline plan, and to take corrective actions. However some project managers nowadays tend to put minimum effort †¦ Read More Avoiding Common Pitfalls of High Performance Project Teams Previously in one of my earlier articles, I discussed the key qualities required for a project manager to be effective in building a high performance project team. Believe it or not, though high performance project teams can produce incredible outcomes, there still remain some serious pitfalls that project managers need to be aware of in order not to fall victims †¦ Read More Contract Management Must-Knows For Project Managers Contract management constitutes a major component of a project procurement system. Most work done nowadays on projects involves dealing with contracts or has a contractual nature. Although some companies have purchasing departments that specialize in procurement, one of the basic knowledge and skills of a project manager is to be able to read and manage contracts. This post basically discusses †¦ Read More Understanding And Managing Your Boss The idea of â€Å"managing your boss† may sound quite unusual for some managers, considering the widespread adoption of the traditional top down management  approach in most organizations. Even though talented and aggressive managers nowadays carefully control and administer their subordinates, services, and products, they might reveal, on the other hand, a passive stand with their bosses (Gabarro and Kotter 1993). †¦ Read More Changes in Project Management Processes Between PMBOK 4 And PMBOK 5 This post presents a tabulated s ummary of differences in the names, inputs, tools, and outputs of project management processes between PMBOK 4 and PMBOK 5. Note that terms in Red which exist in PMBOK 4 have been removed or replaced in PMBOK 5, terms in Blue have been newly added into PMBOK 5, and terms in Black have not †¦ Read More Critical Analysis of Porter’s Five Forces Model – Information Technology (IT) Industry In order to appropriately formulate their corporate strategies and distinctively compete in the market, organizations are in a need for a framework that would help them in understanding industry structure and in overcoming rivalry. This essay aims at discussing, analyzing, and criticizing Porter’s Five Forces model using a wide variety of academic literature. The first part introduces the model, discusses †¦ Read More Key Qualities For An Effective Project Manager This post describes key qualities needed for an effective project manager. It discusses the differences between leading and managing a project, explains the importance of managing stakeholders, describes how to gain influence by reciprocity, stresses on the significance of leading by example and managing by wandering around (MBWA), explores how to deal with the contradictory nature of work, and finally †¦ Read More 12345678910 Home ; Change Management ; Change Management Diagnostic Models – Case Study â€Å"Jamie’s Food Revolution† Change Management Diagnostic Models – Case Study â€Å"Jamie’s Food Revolution† April 14th, 2012 Leave a comment Go to comments This essay presents three different diagnostic models that serve as a change management guidance for organizations by helping them in considering what factors are important for this change and how these factors are interrelated together (Nadler and Tushman 1980). The main purpose of these models is to help in reducing the complexity of the change situation by identifying what change variables require attention by the organization, what sequence of activities to adopt in dealing with the change situation, and how the various organizational properties are interconnected (Ian Palmer 2009). The essay compares and contrasts Burke-Litwin, Six-Box Weisbord, and Congruence models, pinpoints their strengths and weaknesses, and then applies one of these models to the case study â€Å"Jamie’s Food Revolution†. The first organizational and causal model to be discussed is the Burke-Litwin model. The strength of this model lies on the fact that it consists of twelve key variables, at three different organizational levels (external environment, leadership, strategy, and culture at the total system level; structure, management practices, systems and climate at the group or work unit level; and tasks, motivation, needs, and values at the individual level)(Burke and Litwin 1992). The variables on the top have a stronger influence on systems than the bottom variables (Leadersphere 2008). The model is based on an open systems principle whereby it considers the external environment as an input and the organization performance as output with a bidirectional feedback between them (Jackie Alexander Di 2002). What makes this model unique is that it houses almost all of the variables considered in the 7-S, Six-Box Weisbord and Congruence models (Burke and Litwin 1992) and it also stresses on the point that changes can lead to transformational organization-wide (leadership, strategy, and mission) as well as internal transactional (management, structure, system, individual needs, tasks) dynamics which altogether affect individual and organization performance (Jackie Alexander Di 2002). Burke and Jackson (1991) demonstrated the scenario of a successful merge between two companies, SmithKline and Beecham, which concentrated on establishing a unique culture with a loose-tight behavioral leadership, and on adopting a customized Burke-Litwin model to increase its performance. This model however may impose some complexity in its usage. Dana (2004), in her study to apply this model to a quality management system, has limited her research to specific variables for this model because of the big amount of information required to be gathered on each variable. Also, a quantitative study done by Jackie Alexander Di (2002) on the model’s variables failed to reveal the hidden communication variable, which shows that this model may not foresee all organizational problems. The second model to be discussed is the one developed by David Nadler and Michael Tushman, the Congruence model. Like the Burke-Litwin model, the pragmatic Congruence model is based on the open system’s principle (input environment, transformation, output)(Nadler 1982) and deals with the organization as a whole dynamic and social system where the purpose lies in realizing the state of congruence among the various subparts or components of the organization (Nadler and Tushman 1980). The measure of organizational effectiveness depends on the total degree of congruence as a normative approach to ensure fit among these components (Hatton and Raymond 1994). Nevertheless adopting this model is dynamic (should be changed with time) and poses a lot of challenges including the management of political dynamics, the anxiety created by the change, and the control of the transition state (Nadler and Tushman 1989). Additionally, it requires special care to ensure appropriate fit between strategy and environmental conditions, as well as among the four organizational components (work, people, formal structures and process, and informal structures and processes). Burke ; Litwin (1992) state that the number of items to be matched for congruence is great and the Congruence model fails to provide a mechanism for determining which of these items are important and what level of congruence yields desirable results. For further help, several studies have presented major efforts to discuss strategies to attain the maximum congruence. Hatton and Raymond (1994) concluded with several postulates that describe how congruence can be achieved by interrelating together specific dimensions of these key variables (environment, strategy, technology, task, structure, and individual). Also, Nadler and Tushman (1989), in their view of organizations as political systems, posit that there is no general way for dealing with change. They stressed that managers should understand these political dynamics of change by diagnosing the organization’s strengths and weaknesses, developing a clear vision, creating energy within teams, and possessing active leadership, thus achieving the congruence between strategy and environmental conditions, as well as among the four organizational components.