Differences between abstract art and expressionism Essay

Expressionism is when an artist expresses an inclination towards the distortion of reality for emotional effect. While all art is expressionist to a certain extent, the distortion is of such a scale as to be further removed from the representation of objective reality than other styles. The objective of such a style is to emphasize the plasticity of form or to bring about a psychological disturbance as a response to perception of said art by means of rejecting verisimilitude. (Britannica, 2008) One of the best and most well-recognized examples of Expressionism is Edvard Munch’s The Scream, which depicts a lone figure frozen in a psyche-shattering pose of anxiety, said to be paralyzed by existential angst. Expressionism should not be confused with Abstract art, which foregoes representation in favor of the use color and form in non-representational ways. Well-recognized examples of abstract art are the works of Jackson Pollock, which include No. 5, 1948, which exemplifies his drip and drizzle technique. (Compton, 1978) Abstract and expressionist art are similar in so far as they opt out of objective representation, but the former rejects it completely. In effect, abstract art favors form over content, while expressionism remains favorable towards content. Please define the elements of art characteristic to the style of Impressionism. Please give one example. Impressionism is a style of art which does not attempt to conceal the elements of its composition. As such, it is characterized by visible brush strokes, attention to light emphasis, mundane subject matter, and detail to movement, as well as unusual angles. All these characteristics draw self-conscious attention towards the elements of human visual perception. (Denvir, 1990) Impressionism is best exemplified by the works of Claude Monet, and the movement of style derives its name from his painting Impression, soleil levant. Please define the term, iconography, and discuss its importance in art. Please refer to specific artworks. Iconography is a branch of art studies which focuses on the identification of image content and its interpretation, and extends itself to the general understanding of how certain subjects are used within the breadth of art. Iconography is most notable within religious art, which relies on imagery crucial to the circumscribed beliefs. For example, in Buddhist art , varied imagery is used in order to represent the nigh infinite aspects of Buddha. Why would an artist prefer to use oils rather than tempera paints? What effects would the artist be able to achieve by choosing oils? Artists may favor the use of oil-based paints over tempera for the simple reason that it is much more difficult to blend colors in tempera paints than it is to do so with oil. Thus, it is far easier to create a broad range of hues that facilitate a broader chromatic expression. Also, oil-based paints take a longer time to dry than tempera, which means that it is somewhat easier to undo mistakes by blending colors into the still wet paint, or remove it. Tempera paints on the other hand, are much more difficult to blend, and dry far faster. Unless one’s work is meticulously planned, oil-based paints are far more preferable. What is the difference between Classicism and Romanticism in the history of Western art? Please give an example of each. Classicism was a trend within post-medieval European art in which artists were expected to emulate the aesthetics of classical antiquity. This was reflected in the works of Michelangelo whose sculptures such as the Pieta and David, were evocative of the aesthetic ideals of human figure representation during the eras of classical antiquity. Leonardo Da Vinci, renowned for works such as The Last Supper and Mona Lisa, subscribes to a similar body aesthetic ideal. Please explore arts conflicting roles of revealing truth and concealing it. Reference specific artworks in your discussion. Critics and scholars of art are primarily preoccupied with its relationship to truth. For example, John Ruskin, a British aesthetic theorist argued that art’s role in culture was to communicate essential truths to be found in nature, by means of using artifice. (Ruskin, 1843) Ruskin was not the first, nor would he be the last, to place value upon art by means of its relationship to truth. Novelist Leo Tolstoy argued that art is an indirect form of communication, albeit by unconventional means. Benedetto Croce and R. G. Collingwood advanced the notion that art is a means of expressing emotional truths. (Levinson, 2003) In effect, art’s relationship to truth is such that it functions as a medium for it, while attempting to circumvent many of the awkward traits which come from direct expression, thereby using concealment of truth – artifice – as a means of revealing truth. Consider for example, the Venus of Willendorf, a limestone carving found by an archaeologist in lower Austria. A rotund ‘idealization’ of the female figure which exaggerates the dimensions of the vulva, belly and breasts, it appears to be so far removed from the aesthetic idealization of the female form. However McDermott (1996) argues that the Venus may have been a self-portrait, and the observation by others that the head is looking down, and when thought of as the self-image of a woman confronted with her own pregnant proportions, are actually realistically and accurately defined. Thus, the actual distortion of the female form is used to confront the internal truth which pregnant women face, and exemplifies the use of artifice in communicating said truth. REFERENCES Expressionism. (2008) In Encyclop? dia Britannica. Retrieved June 24, 2008, from Encyclop? dia Britannica Online: http://www. britannica. com/eb/article-9033453 Compton, S. (1978) The World Backwards: Russian Futurist Books 1912-16. The British Library. Denvir, B. (1990). The Thames and Hudson Encyclopaedia of Impressionism. London: Thames and Hudson. Bialostocki, J. (2003) â€Å"Iconography† in Dictionary of the History of Ideas. University of Virginia Library, Gale Group. Retrieved June 23, 2008 from: http://etext. lib. virginia. edu/cgi-local/DHI/dhi. cgi? id=dv2-57 Ruskin, J. (1843) Modern Painters, Volume 1. London: Smith, Elder & Co. Levinson, J. (2003) The Oxford Handbook of Aesthetics. Oxford University Press. McDermott, LeRoy. (1996, April) Self-Representation In Upper Paleolithic Female Figurines. Current Anthropology, Volume 37, No. 2, 227-275

English Homework: Register Essay

For my â€Å"Register† piece of homework, I have been asked to create a formal/informal argument. For my formal argument, I’ve decided to base it on fox hunting. My ‘argument’, will be more of a debate. But, I will persist in using formal language through out. I will have an opposing argument, which will constantly try to diminish the other opposing argument. This will remain in a formal manner through-out! For my informal argument, I’ve decided to base it on the smoking. I will try to keep a constant flow of informal language. This argument will be based on a friend smoking, and an opposing friend will try to talk them into stop smoking. As you may have noticed, both of these topics have been frequently in the newspapers recently. Formal Register: As summer was coming to an abrupt close, the distant, ice-cold wind travelled abruptly over the neglected heath. A drowsy silence lay over the large, houses of the enclosed street. The cars, which were yet so strident, were soundless once more. The cars which had a dusty golden silhouette stood in their once abandoned home, upon the lawns that were once silently glimmering in an emerald green. Shadows were restlessly awakening from their dormant situate, creeping blissfully, upon the heath. The noise on the street was deafening, despite the perceptible silence. A high-pitched vitriolic squeal erupted from a near by place, causing all to awaken once more. The squeal, was yet so peaceful, it was also undeniably so. Yet, it was so venomous, as if it had been awakening; from a pro-longed slumber. A voice unexpectedly came from a near by house, a soothing voice, a voice with reason, with passion. This was only too met, by one not so soothing, but on the contra irritating, and without reason. †¦ The man said in an almost, undeniable lucid tone†¦ ‘The whole debate on foxhunting is for many people, the issue of cruelty. Hunt supporters say hunting is kinder than the alternatives. Opponents say hunting is cruel and unnecessary.’ Gestured the man in a very irritated voice, as though he had repeated this upon many occasions. It was as though, he possessed a voice of reason. The man spoke as if he alone could speak for those who could not. ‘B†¦ bu†¦ but†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ The other man retorted in an exasperated tone. As though judgment, had already been passed upon him, as though he had already been judged, on the very thing which, enables him to boil with passion†¦ The ‘sport’ of â€Å"Fox-Hunting†. A silently deadly glare burned within the other mans eyes, as if he was silently condemning the man to eternal damnation. Rapidly, the wind howled with an unforgivable anger. It has fortunately passed, as soon as it arrived. And it was gone once more†¦ ‘No, I don’t want to hear it. I’ve heard it all before, you’ve always claimed fox-hunting shouldn’t be banned. Alas, you still fail to recognize how inhumane it is, to kill a fox’. Said the other man; in a slightly exasperated voice. ‘Oh, be quiet. He said. ‘You always take that route; you just try to claim the honorable position here, without even explaining why it should be banned.’ ‘Oh – well – I guess you’re right. I suppose†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ He retorted cowardly†¦ Silence fell upon the room. There was noise no more, not even a single tap. Alas, it was as though he had no more retorts. No more reports to justify why this despicable act should be banned†¦ †¦ Then suddenly†¦ ‘I would like to make it quite clear that we cannot proceed on banning fox hunting because it’s unnecessary. A lot of people who want the ban argue that it is unnecessary so it should be banned’. The man said in a monotonous tone, alas, this statement was arid, and didn’t consist of any justification. Silence fell once more†¦ ‘You claim that it’s wrong, yes? You claim that it’s, ‘immoral’. Yet, you haven’t attempted to try this sport. So much for your philosophy†¦ â€Å"To try everything once†. I can clearly see how your ‘philosophy’, has played a big part in your pedantic views.’ The man got up, almost instantaneously to the echoing of this very profound sentence. He walked, silently. To one end of the room, then back. Gathering his thoughts, his views. He thought to himself â€Å"My views are undeniably not pedantic, I have very clear, and non-obscure views. Unlike his†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Informal Register: My informal register work, will be done in a script way. I will have two characters; one will be called Scott, the other Mathew. Scott, will be the non-smoker, thus making him the opposing argument. While Mathew is the smoker. Scott: Why the hell did you take up smoking, you idiot? Mathew: What?! Since when as it been up to you to decide what I do? It’s my damn life†¦ I’ll do what I bloody damn well want to do. Keep out of my business†¦ Scott: Clam down, you fool. Well, you’re my friend, and I’ll damn well get involved in your â€Å"business†, as you like to call it. Mathew: Whatever†¦ Scott: You’ll only end up having cancer, it’s not worth it. Do you think it makes you look ‘cool’? You know, smoking that is. Mathew: Cancer beats the bloody alternative†¦ who in their right mind would want to grow old? Idiot†¦ Scott: Growing old is a part of life, you know. As they say â€Å"Ignorant is bliss†. You want to die, do you? You’ll never see your cowing grandchildren grow up. The alternative to that is cancer, so I disagree with your comment. Who the hell would want cancer†¦ the murderer without a conscious. You still haven’t answered my question, do you think it’s ‘cool’? Does it make you look ‘big’, ‘n’ hard, in front of your mates? Mathew: Do you think I give a crap? I couldn’t give a damn whether it made me look â€Å"cool†, â€Å"hard†, or whatever! Why don’t you bugger off? Scott: Whatever man†¦ you’re an idiot. A fool, you know they talk about you, right? Everyone’s saying you smell ‘n’ stuff like that†¦ See, smoking does that. But, I suppose you â€Å"don’t give a damn†? Mathew: Yeah, that’s right. Glad we got that stupid crap out of the way. Scott: Your answer to everything isn’t it, â€Å"Yeah, that’s right†? Why don’t you bugger off? I don’t want to have someone smoking around me, do I? Mathew: Well, why you still here then? I don’t want you here, bugger off. Scott: Why don’t you just quit? It’s not good for you†¦

Sia Singapore Airline

Executive Summary The report provides an overview of the company and its environment. The paper identifies various resources and capabilities available to the company. The various strategies that Singapore Airlines utilise and how they affect the airlines performance. Key issues have been identified that threaten Singapore Airlines current market. The often complicated Government regulations and global laws that affect the airline industry have been defined and explained. Current industry issues and trends that affect Singapore Airlines have been researched, a number of recommendations have been provided, as a possible solution.Overview of Singapore Airlines Singapore Airlines (SIA) first flights began in 1947 partnered with Malaysian Airlines, each funded by there governments. The two airlines mainly serviced South East Asia. Singapore separated from Malaysia in 1965 to become the republic of Singapore. The two governments therefore decided to go there own ways and set up there own airlines. In 1972 Singapore Airlines was launched. The domestic market was basically non existent due to Singapore being a small country geographically.Singapore Airlines had to immediately pursue an international presence and started planning flight routes, airport resources, and government acceptance into foreign destinations etc. SIA also had to establish themselves as a genuine competitor and market the airline internationally to potential customers and future stakeholders. Today, SIA has more than 10,000 employees and 95 aircrafts. The airline now serves 89 destinations around the world including Asia, Europe, North America, Middle East, Australasia, and Africa. ( www. airlines. priceline. om) SIA is situated at Changi Airport along with subsidiaries Silkair and Tiger Airlines. ‘In 2004, Changi Airport received a record 30,400,000 passengers, a year-on-year growth of 23. 1% in passenger traffic. Similarly, a record 1,780,000 tonnes of cargo was moved, representing a year- on-year increase of 10. 2% in airfreight volume’. (http://en. wikipedia. org). Changi Airport is classed as â€Å"the hub of Asia†, Changi provides stopovers, refuelling, and passenger exchange for all the international airlines travelling from one side of the world to the other.Changi Airport is also expanding to accommodate for there cut price airline and new Airbuses arriving in 2006. Analysis of Singapore Airlines Environment In analysing the environment, the important external influences that effect performance and decisions of Singapore airlines have been detailed in this section. The airline industry has been strongly controlled by agreements and policies. Airlines couldn’t just fly to any destination or country without appropriate authorisation. Most countries have there own national airline that are generally government backed and hold a big influence on there operation.The governments also implement policies and regulations to control foreign airline a ccess to there airports. Some countries now have deregulated there national airline industry to reduce the amount of government control, and make access to airports/services more open for negotiation. Countries that have employed this action are the United States, Australia, European Union and Japan. The deregulation of the Airline industry opens doors for more entrants to the market and increased competition.Singapore Airlines is still owned by the Singapore government and is still affected by such controls. The Singapore government has signed an agreement with the United States called â€Å"Open Skies† that gives both countries unrestricted flight access to each others countries. The open skies phenomenon is gathering momentum and more and more countries are signing up. Singapore Airlines is currently in negotiations with Australia, to reach an agreement regarding open skies access down under. Basically the countries that gain open skies agreements are able to expand on exi sting business.The airline industry is highly competitive industry and the rival airlines are always taking advantage of any opportunity to gain more destinations. Statistics show Asia’s population is steadily increasing every year and this contributes to the increase in flights. Asia is recognised as the hotspot for air travel at present and into the future. Asia-Pacific intercontinental flights are up 7% and there has been growth of 8% intra-regional services (www. oag. com). This interest in the area has seen new cut price airlines emerge to cater for the demand. SIA has established its own low price airline Tiger Airlines to satisfy demand.Other environmental factors influencing SIA and the airline industry are rising fuel prices. The price rise in fuel causes a cost increase in the running of flights, therefore a rise in ticket prices. SIA have just passed a decision to put a US$10 surcharge on ticket prices to accommodate the fuel rise. Terrorism has caused massive econ omic losses for airline industry and also bankruptcy. Terrorism strikes happen at any time without warning and destinations around the world that are directly affected by terrorism attacks see a dramatic stop in airline flights.The airlines cannot predict these attacks from happening and have to build such occurrences into there risk management policies. Review of the Industry Structure In analysing the industry structure this report uses Porters 5 Forces. The five forces look at the Threat of New Entrants, Power of Suppliers, Power of Buyers, Availability of Substitutes, and Competitive Rivalry. Threat of New Entrants: The international airline industry has high barriers to entry for a number of reasons, firstly there are quite high costs involved in setting up an industry.As mentioned previously, gaining flight access to foreign countries and obtaining airport space is another hurdle that stands in the way of new entrants. The current airlines dominating the industry are constantl y working on maximising cost efficiency, and performance to discourage any new entrants and to try force out existing poor operators. The Domestic industry is more attractive to new entrants as it doesn’t have as much complications as the international side and lower barriers to entry. Power of Suppliers: The aircraft suppliers of the airline industry are dominated by two suppliers Boeing and Airbus.The aircrafts engines are standardised so both aircraft manufacturers have similar engines. Boeing and Airbus both outsource there parts for there planes and generally use the same suppliers. The body frames and interiors is where the two manufacturers can differentiate there product. Due to the standardisation of engines the switching costs of suppliers is reduced and airlines. (De Melo, 2000) Power of Buyers: The power of buyers is low in the airline industry as switching costs are high. Most airlines are similar inside; it’s more the service that sets them apart.Most air lines follow each other on prices and cause buyers to pay there price, on the other hand new entrants my cause price competition and therefore a buyers market. (www. fool. com). Availability of Substitutes: The substitutes that could threaten the airline are cars, boats and trains. These substitutes are not that much of a threat to aeroplane travel. Airlines are generally is used to cover large distances in a short period of time, and was establish to fill a demand that the other forms of travel couldn’t accommodate as effectively.Alternate measures of transport are more of a personal choice not a direct parallel substitute. (www. fool. com). Competitive Rivalry: The airline industry is highly competitive and price wars are a common occurrence. There is constant fighting for territory and expansion. Major players in the industry concentrate on lowering there costs and improving service to deter new entrants. What Key resources available to Singapore Airlines? Singapore Airlin es is a well establish international airline with strong profitable track record.The company has a government ownership and also private stakeholders. The airline has always been profitable and the funds reinvested back into the company, to build on capital. The table below shows that last 3 years financials and even in the case of the S. A. R. S breakout in 2004 they still posted a profit. [pic] Aside from just financial capital, Singapore Airlines has many other resources listed below: †¢ Changi airport the home of Singapore Airlines is one of the largest freight handling facilities in the world, and is the most popular hub in Asia. †¢Singapore has a resource of about 95 aircrafts that now are brought internally and not leased; the aircrafts are generally replaced every 4-5 years. †¢ Singapore Airlines has built a mass of 89 international flight destinations. †¢ The airline has built a human resource training facility. †¢ Changi Airport hosts SIA state of art engineering company that services there planes and other international airlines. SIA also has one of the largest flight kitchens in the world situated at Changi. †¢ SIA belongs to the Star Alliance where other airlines join resources together to increase coverage around the world.Star alliance covers 790 airports in 138 countries. †¢ Finally the brand attribute, is probably there most powerful resource. â€Å"Singapore Girl you’re a great way to fly† Has been strongly nurtured over the last 32 years to be the most recognised brand and icon in the airline industry, Singapore Airline has many capabilities that support there resources, these are: †¢ Latest technological and communication products linking there global network. †¢ Huge investment in human resources, this provides highly skilled workers and management. †¢ Expansive destination coverage due to Star Alliance. State of the art freight facilities that link with the port shipping auth ority What it takes to be successful in the Airline Industry and What strategies are used by Singapore Airlines? Singapore Airlines is basically the trend setter of the airline industry. SIA has employed many innovative strategies since it began. These strategies have been supported and strengthen over the years, and have led to the success, the company enjoys today. To be successful in the airline industry you have to employ superior efficiency, quality, innovation and customer responsiveness.SIA has exercised a quality/service differentiation strategy to become one of the leaders in the passenger airline industry. ‘Singapore Airlines has carefully built a financial and fixed cost infrastructure which allows them to continue investing to support the brand while challenging the competition on costs’. (www. venturerepublic. com) More recently Singapore Airlines became a member with the star alliance, which helps the company maintain economies of scale by code sharing, wh ere SIA can offer services on another airline under its own flight codes and offer more destinations.By building solid capital the airline now enables them to purchase aircrafts and equipment internally without the need for leases and interest. This has enable SIA to have the latest aircrafts and renew them every 5 years. By having a new fleet the company is able to be more efficient with regards to fuel economy, maintenance, and have less downtime. (www. venturerepublic. com). Another benefit of owning aircrafts outright gives flexibility if there is a dramatic decline in the economy, SIA has the freedom of not being locked into long leases and aircrafts can be disposed of, if need be.Therefore they can handle the ups and downs of the economy, more so than competitors. (www. venturerepublic. com). Singapore Airlines have always concentrated on being innovative, as mentioned above they replace there airlines every 4-5 years taking advantage of new technology. The company has always the first to introduce new innovative ideas for example hot meals, free alcoholic and non-alcoholic drinks, Hot towels, personal entertainment systems, and video on demand. SIA will also be the first to own the new Airbus Super jumbo A-380 in 2006. www. allaboutbranding. com) SIA is committed to providing a world class quality and service, the airline allocates a substantial amount of time and money into there staff training and education. The company has 4 training facilities with various programs that exercise classroom, work experience and simulation strategies. (www. trainersdirect. com) SIA has more concentration on staff training than any other airline. Singapore Airlines employees have to complete a 4 month training course before they are even allowed to serve a customer.On average in 1997 Singapore Airlines spent $5600 per staff per year on training. The emphasis on staff training is so they can provide the best quality service. (www. trainersdirect. com) The branding of SIA is based on quality. SIA have the strongest brand name in the airline industry. â€Å"Singapore girl you’re a great way to fly† has been there brand of quality for the last 32 years. ‘The icon has become so strong that Madame Tussaud’s Museum in London started to display the Singapore Girl in 1994 as the first commercial figure ever’. (www. venturerepublic. com).The airline provides the best on flight cuisine including fine wines, and cocktails. Complimentary gifts are received on each level of passenger class. SIA have maintained a policy that once a passenger pays for there ticket there is no more to pay. (www. venturerepublic. com). Some airlines in tough economic times have started to charge for in-flight drinks and entertainment where SIA haven’t. This commitment to quality has won the airline numerous international awards and differentiated themselves from other airlines. Some issues facing Singapore AirlinesThe Airline has purchased a number of the new Airbus Super jumbo A-380, which could be a bit premature due to the fact they are still in negotiations with the Australian government over open skies. The Australian government holds the key to Singapore gaining open skies agreements, if an agreement is reached Singapore will be able expand and benefit from long haul flights between Australia and United States. On the flip side the introduction of the new airbuses into the industry will cause less demand on Singapore as a stop-over, refuelling hub.Airlines that adopt the new airbuses will be able to bypass previous stopovers and enjoy cost savings. As explained earlier there has been a dramatic increase in demand for inter-Asia flights. Rival players have noticed the increase in demand and have implemented there own low cost airlines. E. g. Australia’s Jet Star. Recommendations and Justifications Singapore Airlines conduct a very professional business they have a strong brand, strong human resources and ma nagement, advanced facilities and a proven track record as being one of the top airlines for the last 20 years. I recommend: The airline pursue â€Å"open skies† agreements to expand there destinations. †¢ Establish the long haul routes with the new Airbus technology before rival airlines purchase the aircrafts. †¢ Keep strong emphasis on the brand name and quality of service. †¢ Utilise some of the success factor from SIA on the new low-cost airline to compete with new rival competitors establishing themselves in the Asian market. †¢ Promote Changi Airports engineering and freight facilities to the new inter-Asian airlines as long haul flights maybe bypassing Singapore’s Changi Airport in the future. Stay with the competitive advantage outlined above, using the differentiation strategy. †¢ Maintain the innovation and complimentary products. †¢ Help support the Star Alliance to improve customer satisfaction. It is very hard to recommend a lot of strategies for Singapore airlines to undertake, as they have been leaders in the industry for so long and have developed award winning strategies that have made them very successful. This report has been constructed from a wide array of research that has complemented Singapore Airlines various approaches to conducting business.

Social Learning Theory Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Social Learning Theory - Research Paper Example The punishment and reward systems established by society greatly influence the behaviors of individuals. â€Å"A leading proponent of social learning theory, Albert Bandura, helped to shape the conjecture by incorporating aspects of cognitive and behavioral learning† (Willhite). Owing to its huge significance to the society, SLT is frequently employed to gain an understanding of the underlying factors that convince people to land in the world of crime (Akers and Jensen 1). In terms of crime investigation, SLT asserts that â€Å"adolescents learn the techniques and attitudes of crime from close and intimate relationships with delinquent peers† (Siegel and Welsh 136). Here, delinquency is essentially considered as a learned behavior. The company an individual keeps and the people he/she spends time with influence his/her mentality and hence, the personality as a whole. Therefore, behaviors that convince individuals to commit crime can be traced back to the environment the y come from. People strive to achieve results that they deem positive while being aware of the evils associated with their actions. Works Cited: Akers, Ronald L., and Jensen, Gary F. Social Learning Theory and the Explanation of Crime. NJ: Transaction Publishers, 2003. Print.

Case Study involving Trust laws Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Involving Trust laws - Case Study Example Although the law is dealing with the Property Act it also extends to other aspects of equitable interest. Under the Section 5 (1) of the Wills Act, 1988, â€Å" it is seen that every person may dispose by will, executed in accordance with this Act, of all real estate and all personal estate owned by him at the time of his death† (Wills Act 1988. 2005). In this case it is seen that a trust has been created in favour of Ben and he has nominated Richard to hold the 2000 shares in trust on his behalf. Through his written will, he has directed that 950 of the above shares may be bequeathed to his Accountant, Tom, to be held on behalf of his nephew, Andrew, the legal beneficiary of the gifted shares. In the decided case of Goldcorpe RE 1995, 1 AC 74, claims for non allocated bullion could not be enforced. Ordinary members of the public were inveigled into investing in non-existent bullion, on the strength of allotment letters given to them for staking their claim on future bullion. When Company subsequently went into liquidation, they claimed beneficial interest on future bullion on the basis of this allotment letter. The Courts held that the bullions were not earmarked and could not be enforced.In another decided case of Saunders v. Vantier(1841) 4 Beav.115, a trust was created that upon the death of the uncle, certain shares would be bequeathed to the nephew, along with its incomes, till he reached the age of 25. The nephew laid claim to the gift upon reaching the age of majority, i.e., 21 years. The Courts held that the validity of the gift had passed on from the uncle to the nephew upon his passing away, it being intended to be an immediate gift. Therefore, the claim for the property to the nephew from the uncle was passed on immediately upon his gaining majority age: (Theriault 2002). The case of Hunter v Moss (1994), whose decision was delivered before the Gold Corpe Re (1995) case, 1 AC 74.which relates to 50 shares of a total of 950, being verdicted to be a genuine trust, without uncertainty of matter, which was not considered in the case of Gold Corpe Case (1995). The Court of Appeals, in this case, validating the decisions of the High Court (1993) I WLR 934, stated that a statement of trust, of, effectively 50 shares out of a total number of 950 shares in a Company, could not be said to be a void contract, on the grounds of the uncertainly of subject matter; in this case the learned judged observed that allocation of particulars shall be considered superfluous since all the shares carry

Color Compisition and Polarized Light Research Paper

Color Compisition and Polarized Light - Research Paper Example These forms of microscopes are well designed in such a manner that they are capable of photographing the most visible specimens because of their existing anisotropic characters. These microscopes are duly instilled with the polarizers and the analyzers. Polarizers are often placed across the light path just before the given specimen, while the analyzers are usually placed at the optical pathway of the objective camera port and rear aperture).Interaction of the plane polarized light with the birefringent specimen tend to produce two definite wave components in which one of them is ordinary while the other seems to be extraordinary. They are polarized in such a manner that they generate some sort of contrast colors on the mutually parallel planes. Microscopy polarization as a concept thus offers a lot of information regarding the color composition and three-dimensional patterns of a number of samples. This methodology can hence disclose some essential information on the thermal history , as well as the specimen’s strains and stresses. On the other hand, a lot of information and data components can be fully assessed with the crossed polarizer or the plane-polarized light. Crossed polarizer often refers to a situation whereby the analyzer is mutually inserted into the existing optical path; while the plane polarized light occurs when the analyzer is duly removed from the existing optical path. The plane-polarized light offers adequate information on the  specimen’s optical relief, which is mainly obvious within the boundary visibility, and also enhances the refractive index. Materials with higher relief have varying refractive indices with the mounting medium. When rotated around the microscope’s optical axis, the placement of transparent or even translucent materials in plane-polarized light tends to generate greater brightness and colors in

Velocity 3 - Part II Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Velocity 3 - Part II - Assignment Example This is because I have had a personal experience with my organization where we attempted to facilitate revenue generation through throughput put because there was lack of understanding among the team, we failed totally. It is therefore recommended that the ability to identify constraints and use throughput by your organization should be done on a regular basis so as to ensure that the people get the needed experience to do it right (Goldratt Institute, 2009). Indeed, there is sufficient evidence in literature to support the fact that blame game has never helped in the growth of organizations, as it leads to a situation where management refuse to tackle the actual problem but only the symptoms of it (Corbett, 2006). It is for this reason that I find the second passage you talked about very useful and important. Adding my insight to this, I would say that based on the velocity methodology, it is always important to see people as facilitators of change and therefore learn to make the most out of them (Jacob, Bergland & Cox, 2010). This means that even if people within the organization are found to be the cause of certain problems, instead of lambasting these people and discouraging them, they could be empowered t understand how they can personally contribute to the success of the organization. Once this is done, everyone would begin to benefit from

Broome County CAFR Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Broome County CAFR - Article Example With the increased use of debt capital for financing, the magnitude of interest payable on outstanding debt increases (Megginson and Smart, 2008, p.53). The actual long term solvency would depend on the ability of the company to generate sufficient incomes from their operations so that they are able to service fixed interest payable on outstanding liability. Generally the ideal value of debt ratio should be less than 0.50. Debt Equity Ratio The Debt to Equity ratio is a measure of relative proportion of debt to shareholders’ equity that is used by the company to finance its assets. It is one of the indicators for long term solvency of a company. The two components of this ratio are derived from the balance sheet of the company that reflects the company’s financial position on a given date. The debt observed in this ratio is usually the long term debt of the organization. The composition of debt and equity in the capital structure of a firm determines influences value of firm and its long term solvency (Gibson, 2012, pp.285-286). Basically, this ratio is a measure of company’s future obligations relative in balance sheet to equity and higher values indicate that company’s long term debt exceeds shareholders’ equity. Hence, the ideal value should be less than 1. Financial Health Analysis When the balance sheet of Broom County was analyzed for the years 2006 and 2007, it was found that Debt Ratio of Governmental Activities was 50.61% and 49.06% respectively. As discussed earlier, the acceptable value of this ratio should be less than 50% and the organization seems to have deleveraged their balance sheet in the year 2007 from 2006. The value of this ratio from Business Activities for... This research is being carried out to conduct a long term solvency test on Broom County. It is referred to as the company’s ability to honor long term obligations. In order to assess the long term solvency of the firm there are many standard ratios available such as Debt size ratio, Debt to equity ratio, Cash flow coverage ratio, Debt service as percentage of revenues, and so on. In this study the long term solvency of Broom County was analyzed using two key ratios namely Debt size ratio and Debt equity ratio. The formulas for the respective ratios are as follows, Debt Size Ratio = Total Debt/Total Asset Debt-Equity Ratio = Total Debt/Total Net Asset Debt Size Ratio measures the degree of financial leverage of the company, and generally higher values indicate higher financial risk. The ratio indicates whether the company is in a better financial position to service its total debt with its total assets. The Debt to Equity ratio is a measure of relative proportion of debt to shareholders’ equity that is used by the company to finance its assets. It is one of the indicators for long term solvency of a company. When the balance sheet of Broom County was analyzed for the years 2006 and 2007, it was found that Debt Ratio of Governmental Activities was 50.61% and 49.06% respectively. As discussed earlier, the acceptable value of this ratio should be less than 50% and the organization seems to have deleveraged their balance sheet in the year 2007 from 2006. The value of this ratio from Business Activities for both the years are less than 50% and are hence within tolerable limits.

Evaluating Internet Sources Government Shutdown 2013 Research Paper

Evaluating Internet Sources Government Shutdown 2013 - Research Paper Example Policymic.com is an online publication whose purpose is to inform, sell, persuade and educate. The site is current as it is designed to avail news and analysis of society’s politics, entertainment, arts, and identities. The audience for this site is the general public and the information provided in the politics section is appropriate for college-level research by political science students giving its relevance. While the site provides sources for its presented information, it is evident that majority of their publications/articles are outsourced from the general public; and the selling aspect in arts and entertainment/personalities, the sight may not be necessarily authoritative. The addressing of the government shutdown 2013 in relation to the 1995 shutdown, downgrades the site’s estimation and analytical aspects thus jeopardizing its accuracy. The final evaluation of the site is that policymic.com is not a good source to use at college-level research. The Guardian is an online editorial website whose purpose is to inform, analyze and educate. As an editorial and politically independent website, the site is current and up to date on with information on business, technology, politics, environment, and lifestyles. The audience for this site is the general public and the information provided in their various topics is relevant and appropriate at college-level research. The authoritative aspect of the website can be traced back to the source of its articles and the manner in which they are detailed. This translates to accuracy and reliability making it a good source to use for college research. Cnn.com is an online editorial whose purpose is to inform, educate, entertain and persuade. The site is current and up to date on political issues, news, and social trends. The audience of the site is the general internet community providing its relevance and reliability for college-level research.  

Site plan Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Site plan - Case Study Example Such information can be acquired by conducting a SWOT analysis of the business in attempts to determine the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats affecting the business. This work evaluates the provided plan of a proposed cupcake shop along the beach by using the SWOT Analysis. In any business, it is vital to assess the industry in order to be fully informed of the requirements. It is essential to have credible information regarding the targeted customers and their needs. The intended business has to meet and satisfy the needs of the targeted customers. If the business achieves this objective efficiently, chances of success are high. Therefore, as far as this proposed business is concerned, SWOT analysis will provide the necessary information to make the business a success. Strengths The site location’s strength is based on the demographics of the area. The demographics, according to Russ (2009) give a person the idea of the population surrounding the area. Since th e site is supposed to host a cup cake studio, the area demographics, which includes the beach, is suited for the site location. People of different age groups love the beach, and this is an opportunity to serve these people with cupcakes. The beachgoers love to relax as they enjoy themselves with their favorite snacks and beverages. Therefore, the fact that there is a cup cake shop near the beach is an advantage to the business since it is near the targeted customers. Also, because the business is located on the first building accessible from the beach is an advantage. Had the business been located in other buildings far away from the beach, proximity could have been affected. It is imperative to have a business located in a place easily accessible to customers. Easier proximity to a business plays a significant role in the growth and development of the business. When customers can easily access the business, the business is guaranteed to succeed. Furthermore, the immediate surround ing area has numerous apartments that will provide the proposed business with the required customer base for the business to

Reflection on my leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Reflection on my leadership - Essay Example Such people possess innate leadership skills. A majority of these leaders would be identified by their physical features and personalities as postulated by the traits theory. It is for this reason that perhaps Hughes, Ginnett and Curphy (2009) support the argument that leadership is an art. Whereas I support the traits theory, I also acknowledge that leaders could be made, the reason why this course plays a critical role in imparting effective leadership skills in me. This science aspect of leadership helps leaders analyze each situation critically and adopt strategies that would promote the organization’s goals. As such, whereas I could leverage on my physical traits to be a leader, effectiveness would further require knowledge in leadership research. As a professional in the medical field, I seek to have leadership skills that would be applied in making business sense in my profession. I appreciate that building my leadership image would call for experience other than formal education. According to Hughes et al. (2009), formal leadership education develops contextual analysis and provides knowledge on the people to be led. It provides education on what qualities to foster for effective leadership. Nonetheless, such knowledge would only be useful if experienced in the real context, thus the importance of experience. Hence, it would be helpful if I start applying the leadership skills learnt from this course. I could start applying it in class, at home and the community, then transfer the experience to my workplace management.

Curbing Grade Inflation Essay Example for Free

Curbing Grade Inflation Essay Grade inflation takes place when students are given a higher grade than what they actually deserved in order to address the declining expectations and diminishing educational standards. The phenomenon of grade inflation is observable in the current trends in grading, which is mostly given by private colleges and universities. Grade inflation suggests that the terminology used in grading no longer reflects the reality, especially when it comes to the performance of students. As a result, the efforts of students who actually work hard and have exceptional capabilities are being undermined. In addition, grade inflation also affects the proper assessment of students, as it does not reflect the real grades that they deserve. Being the case, Princeton University decided to implement a policy that will limit professors in giving the grade of A among students per department. However, the aforementioned policy is questioned regarding its effectiveness and also the way by which it can contribute to the greater good for the greater number of people. Grade inflation should be stopped because of the disadvantageous effects that it has among students and the educational institutions and also in the society as a whole. The utilitarian principle gives utmost emphasis for the greater good of the most number of people. Grade inflation does not merely affect one individual or student but rather its ill effects are reflected upon the whole educational institution and the society. In terms of the educational institution, since grade inflation is used in order to give students higher grade than what they deserve, the real problem of diminishing educational standards of different colleges and universities is not properly addressed. Grade inflation gives a false facade that students are doing well, which reflect that the educational standards are also efficient. Due to this, the problems within the educational institutions is not properly identified and solved. In the same manner, the society as a whole is also affected by grade inflation. The primary reason as to why education is given importance in almost any state is because of the reason that educated individuals become more productive citizens in the society. Quality education allows them to properly hone their skills and capabilities, which will enable them to find good jobs and contribute substantially to the society. Rule utilitarianism asserts that the creation and implementation of rules bring about the greater good for the most number of people. As such, grade inflation should be stopped because it adversely affects numerous people and this societal problem can be addressed through the implementation of rules. However, the policy implemented by Princeton University in order to deal with the problem of grade inflation is not the proper way in order to address the problem. Based on the rule utilitarianism, it is better to have a rule than no rule at all because its presence will bring about a greater good rather than the absence of it. In application with the policy of Princeton University, their way of solving grade inflation does not benefit the majority of the students because only a minimal number of students have the possibility to be given a grade of A. As a result, many students will have to compete with the minimum number of times that the professor can given a grade of A. Due to this, there are chances that excellent students have to settle for a lower grade because professors have to limit giving students an excellent grade. In addition to this, added pressure is given for students in order to get excellent grades, which is not necessarily advantageous for their educational learning. Moreover, since many Ivy League universities have not yet applied the same grading policy as Princeton University, there will be instances wherein students coming from Princeton University will have a lower GPA as compared from students from other schools. The low GPA of students from Princeton University can adversely affect their chances of getting competitive jobs and also lessen their chances in being accepted in graduate school. The grading policy of Princeton University is only advantageous for those students who will get an excellent grade, which is minority of the student population because giving a grade of A is only limited. Furthermore, rule utilitarianism also points out that there is no sense in keeping a rule if a better rule will bring about greater good. In the case of the grading policy of Princeton University, there are better policies that can be applied, which can address grade inflation without undermining the good of the majority of the students. One possible way is by enhancing assessment tools that measures the ability of students through objective means, which will assure or even lessen the subjectivity of professors. The grading policy of Princeton University is not a good rule based on the standard of rule utilitarianism because it does not promote greater good. Majority of the students are adversely affected by this policy. It is not wrong to give value to the hard work and excellent skills of minority students but it should not be at the expense of the majority because doing so no longer promote greater good for the greater number of people.

Prediction Of Spark Ignition Engine Testing Engineering Essay

Prediction Of Spark Ignition Engine Testing Engineering Essay Introduction Internal combustion engines date back to the 1800s. Since then, they have improved considerably as the knowledge of the engine process has evolved. The engine process is seen as a complex one and so, calculating the various engine parameters is a complicated task. There have been a number of computer programmes with the aim of estimating these parameters; OpenWAM is relatively new simulation software that intends to do this. OpenWAM, or open wave action model, is a free, open-source code that has been developed to solve the thermo- and fluid dynamics of compressible flow through the different components of an engine. The aim of this project to use OpenWAM to generate a full set of engine performance and fuel economy prediction estimates and to then compare these with experimental results. The engine in question is that of a BMW-Mini Direct Injection Spark Ignition Engine. It will be tested over a range of different operating loads and speeds. A successful interpretation of this softw are, and the results, could optimise the operation of the internal combustion engine. This Interim Report details a synopsis of the literary review done to date. It includes the main principles of an internal combustion engine, including the intake and exhaust system as well as the in-cylinder process. The details of OpenWam software are mentioned and its applications. The aims of this project are also described. Literary Review Basic Principles Internal combustion engines have one main purpose, that is; the production of mechanical energy from the chemical energy contained in the fuel. The basic principles behind any reciprocating engine are the same. The cycle has four stages; intake, compression, expansion, exhaust. The intake stroke begins with the piston at the top of the cylinder (TDC) and the inlet valve open. As the piston moves down a vacuum is created and air-fuel mixture is drawn into the cylinder. When the piston reaches the bottom (BDC) the inlet valve is closed and the compression stroke begins. This involves the piston moving up and compressing the air-fuel mixture. This is then ignited in the expansion stroke. As the air-fuel mixture is heated it expands, pushing the piston down, to bottom centre (BC). The outlet valve is then opened and the exhaust gases are removed to the atmosphere. The piston moves up to TDC as the exhaust stroke finishes the cycle [1]. Figur-1 Basic Combustion Cycle The engine used in this project is a four-cylinder engine. Most engines used for automobiles have four cylinders. The number of cylinders is an important consideration for the overall performance of an engine. Each of the cylinders, contain a piston that is connected to the crankshaft. The movement of the piston rotates the crankshaft. The crankshaft is what turns the wheels. The more pistons powering the crankshaft means more power can be generated in less time. The engine used in this project is a Direct Injection Spark Ignition Engine. This means that the fuel is injected directly into the cylinder. With regular engines, the fuel and air is mixed before entering the cylinder. This will be discussed in further detail in preceding sections. Basic Components https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi2vU_lPBukEmLOvBWpmqCDtQHuyMqq68NPTjs4gbIaM8Ewb62HqLW-IWTfa1uoP1OA3BAEYWUfK61hJMFHQxgLE2m5parkgdn377zSmOgHCIXbuOX43SxtgESuMUMIn3hb1xym8wZwtzc/s1600/BMW_S1000RR_ENGINE_CUTAWAY_700x462_700.jpg Figure-2 Engine Cutaway Intake The engine intake process governs many important aspects of the flow within the cylinder. The efficiency of combustion and the production of pollutants are strongly dependent on the flow of air during the intake stroke. Fluid Flow during Intake Process The gas flowing into the cylinder, through the intake valve, behaves as a conical jet. The axial and radial velocity components, of the jet, are up to ten times that of mean piston speed. High speeds of the fluid lead to turbulence. Turbulence is generated due to the large velocity gradient formed when the jet separates from the valve. Turbulent flow undergoes irregular mixing and the speed of the fluid is constantly changing magnitude and direction. By increasing the rate of momentum, heat and mass transfer of the fluid, turbulent flow encourages mixing within the cylinder. It leads to the formation of vortices. Vortices are large-scale rotating flow patterns that are unsteady and react with each other. These vortices are important governing factors of the overall behaviour of the flow. They remain until the end of the intake stroke, where they become unstable and break up. Turbulence is essential to the effective operation of an SI engine. It is a goal of any engine to maximise the turbulent effect, however this is complicated by the fact that flow patterns change during the engine cycle. They are largely dependent on the design of the intake system and are quite sensitive to small variations in flow. They are largely dependent on the design of the intake system and are quite sensitive to small variations in flow. This can lead to substantial cycle-to-cycle variations. The turbulent flow of air within the combustion chamber is almost exclusively generated during the intake stroke [3] Volumetric Efficiency Pg.209 Volumetric efficiency is defined is the measure of success with which air is inducted into an engine. It is defined as the ratio of the volume flow rate of air into the intake system, to the rate at which the volume is displaced by the engine. More simply, it is the actual rate at which air enters the cylinder, over a given period in time, to the theoretical rate at which it should enter, over the same time period [6]. C:Documents and SettingsucdMy DocumentsDownloadsCodeCogsEqn.gif Where; ÃŽÂ ·v volumetric efficiency Ma mass flow rate of air ÃŽÂ ¡a, 0 density of air Vd displaced cylinder volume N crankshaft rotational speed Volumetric efficiency is used to measure the overall effectiveness of an engine. It is mainly affected by the density of air entering the cylinder, the design of the intake and exhaust manifolds, and the timing of the intake and exhaust valves. The high temperatures within the combustion chamber have a limiting effect on the mass flow rate of air into the system, thus reducing volumetric efficiency. To counteract this, air with higher density, i.e. lower temperature and higher pressure, is preferred. This increases the amount of air entering the system, improving the volumetric efficiency. The intake and exhaust manifold and valve timing have similar limiting effects. The amount of air entering the cylinder is also largely dependent on these parameters. These parameters constrain the maximum possible engine power. This is why the volumetric efficiency of an engine is very important. Frictional Losses Pg.212 Losses due to friction have a major impact on the engines performance. During the intake stroke, losses due to friction, in every part of the intake system, mean the in-cylinder pressure (pc) is less than the atmospheric pressure (patm). The difference between these two values is dependent on the square of the speed. The total friction loss is the combined losses from each of the components in the intake system; air-filter, inlet manifold, inlet valve and inlet port. Each component adds a loss of a few percent, on average, pc can be 10-20% lower than atmospheric [1]. RAM effect During the intake process the RAM effect needs to be considered when calculating an engines performance. It occurs when the open valve phase is extended beyond that of the intake stroke to improve charging the cylinder and make best use of the inertia of the gases in the intake system. As the piston reaches TDC during the intake stroke, the inlet valve does not close immediately. Instead it remains open, as the compression stroke begins. This allows any extra air to be added to the cylinder. The momentum of the air during the intake stroke carries it into the cylinder even after the piston has reached the bottom of the cylinder. At high speeds, the intake valve can remain open for longer to optimize the RAM effect. The inlet valve isnt closed until a crank angle of approximately 40-60o after BDC to take advantage of this. However for engines running at lower speeds, the momentum is not high enough, this can cause the air already in the cylinder to be forced out. Adapting the inlet va lve open phase can have a major impact on the engines performance [2]. Overlap When considering both the RAM effect and the blowdown phase (discussed later), it is clear to see that there is a period of overlap, when both the inlet and outlet valves are open. If the pressure inlet to outlet ratio is less than one then backflow occurs. This involves a rush of exhaust gases out through the exhaust manifold that aids the intake of air into the cylinder during the intake stroke. This works best at higher speeds, when its main advantage of overlap is the improvement in volumetric efficiency. As with any fluid flowing through a system of intricate pipes, cylinders, valves, there are friction, pressure and inertial forces present. The importance of these forces is dependent on the both the velocity of the fluid and the geometry of the system. These forces along with the effects of changing engine design affect the volumetric efficiency. In-cylinder (NB Pg.372,) Gas motion within the engine cylinder is one of the major factors that control the combustion process. Both the bulk motion of the gas and the turbulence characteristics of the fluid are important. The in-cylinder combustion process can be divided into four distinct phases; Spark-Ignition Early Flame Development Flame Propogation Flame termination Spark Ignition Pg 585 Close to the end of the compression stroke, the discharge between the spark plug electrodes by the ignition system starts the combustion process. The spark develops a self-sustainable and propagating flame. The function of the ignition system is to initiate the flame propagation process, to repeat this for each cycle, over the full range of load and speed of the engine, at the appropriate time. Spark-timing is an important consideration during the engine process. It can have a number of affects on the efficiency, formation of pollutants and other parameters of the engine. Advancing the timing, so that combustion occurs earlier in the cycle, increases the peak cylinder pressure (compression stroke work transfer, which is work form piston to gases in the cylinder, also increases). This is because more fuel is burned before TDC and the peak pressure moves closer to TDC where the cylinder volume is smaller. Delaying the timing means the peak pressure occurs later in the cycle and is also decreased in magnitude. This is because more of the fuel is burnt after TDC. Higher peak cylinder pressure result in higher peak burned gas temperatures, and therefore higher NOx formation results. Maximum Brake Torque (MBT) is the use of optimal ignition timing to take advantage of internal combustion engines max power and efficiency. It occurs when the compression stroke work transfer (which is from the piston to the cylinder gases) is increased and the expansion stroke (which is from cylinder gases to the piston) is reduced. The MBT timing occurs when the magnitude of these two opposing trends just offset each other. Altering the timing from MBT lowers the torque [4]. Generally, spark timing is delayed so as to avoid abnormal combustion. Abnormal combustion refers to either knock or surface ignition. Knock is the name given to the noise transmitted through an engine when a spontaneous ignition of a portion of the end-gas occurs. End-gas is the mixture of fuel, air and residual gas ahead of the propagating flames. The spark plug ignites one flame front, however an uncontrolled combustion then occurs and an extremely rapid release of most of the chemical energy in the end-gas leads to the initiation of multiple flame fronts. When these multiple flame fronts collide, the cylinder pressure increases and causes the piston, connecting rods and bearings to resonate [5]. Knock has a direct impact on efficiency because it limits the maximum compression ratio that can be used in any cylinder. Surface-ignition is another type of abnormal combustion. It occurs when ignition is initiated by a local hot-spot located on the walls of the cylinder. Direct Injection Spark Ignition Direct Injection (DI) engines deliver the fuel directly into the combustion chamber. The traditional method pre-mixes air and fuel in the intake manifold and then delivers it to the cylinder. However with DI engines, air enters through the intake manifold, where a specific amount of fuel is sprayed into the cylinder. Early Flame Development Pg.846-850 During the in-cylinder process of compression and combustion, the increasing cylinder pressure forces some of the gas in the cylinder into the corners or narrow volumes connected to the combustion chamber, e.g. the volumes between the piston, rings and cylinder wall. Most of this gas remains unburned in the primary combustion process as the flame cannot enter these narrow regions. Spark-Timing Pg 585 There is always an optimal spark timing for all operating conditions of an engine. MBT is most ideal at WOT however is not desired when the engine is at idle. Although MBT is desired at WOT it is wise to retard timing slightly to prevent knock that may occur and to create a small safety margin. It is possible to calculate the MBT of an engine by taking into account of all the operating conditions of an engine through its sensors. Operating conditions are defined by the engine parameters lambda, engine load, internal exhaust gas recirculation, engine speed, and of course spark advance. Magnusson, J. 2007 An Investigation of Maximum Brake Torque Timing based on Ionization Current Feedback Exhaust ( Pg. 626,570,) The level of sulfate emissions depends on the fuel sulfur content. Unleaded gasoline contains 150 to 600 ppm by weight sulfur, which is then oxidized during the combustion process to form SOx. The emission of particles is increased when the engine is cold, i.e. following start-up. The exhaust temperature has a significant effect on pollutant formation. Particles form in the exhaust manifold and either are emitted immediately or deposit on the walls of the exhaust. Many of these are removed when the engine is suddenly accelerated. The exhaust geometry, specifically the diameter, determines the amount of particles emitted. Incomplete combustion due to bulk quenching of the flame in that fraction of the engine cycle where combustion is relatively slow, is a source of hydrocarbons in engines. Such conditions are most likely to occur during transient engine operation when the air/fuel ratio, spark timing, and the fraction of the exhaust recycled for emission control may not be properly matched. Engine Design The major combustion chamber design objectives which relate to engine performance and emissions are; Pg. 845-> A fast combustion process, with low cycle-by-cycle variability, over the full operating engine range A high volumetric efficiency at wide open throttle Minimum heat loss to the combustion chamber walls A low fuel octane requirement Faster burn process is more robust and results in the engine being able to operate satisfactorily with much more EGR, or much leaner, without a deterioration in combustion quality. Faster burning chamber designs exhibit much less cycle variation, this permits better control of NOx within the engine. This is achieved in a number of ways. Swirl is used to speed up the combustion process in some spark-ignition engines. Swirl is defined as the organized rotation of the charge about the cylinder axis. Swirl is created by designing the intake system such that the flow enters the cylinder with an initial angular momentum. This is done in two ways, either the flow is discharged into the cylinder tangentially towards the cylinder wall. or intake? High volumetric efficiency is required to obtain the highest possible power density. Effective vvalve open area, which depends on valve diameter and lift, directly affects volumetic efficiency. Swirl speeds up process and achieves greater combustion stability. Heat transfer to chamber walls has a major impact on efficiency. Blowdown amount of time/distance/degrees between exhaust port opening and the transfer port opening Muller. P, 2009, Muller Machine, http://www.muller.net/mullermachine/index.html The blowdown process is similar to that of the RAM effect. It is necessary to open the exhaust valve before the piston reaches the bottom of the stroke, as this allows any excess pressure, pressure left over from the last cycle, to be released from cylinder. This ensures there will be no pressure acting against the piston on the compression stroke. Accurate exhaust valve timing is essential. At higher speeds, the valve will have to be opened sooner, whereas for lower speeds if the valve is opened to soon means pressure is lowered and losses are incurred. AutoWare, 1998, Valve Timing Performance  , http://www.auto-ware.com/combust_bytes/valvetiming.html The exhaust manifold operates at pressures significantly above atmospheric. Pollutants (pg.626, 570, CO-Pg. 593, summary Pg.618,) Theoretically, the combustion process of hydrocarbon fuels, such as petrol, completely oxidizes the fuel and the only by-products are carbon dioxide and water. However, under actual conditions this is rarely, if ever the case. The products of combustion from an internal combustion engine produce pollutants. This is due to the varied composition of the fuel for each cycle. Impurities in the fuel itself mean complete combustion is not possible. Poor control of the air-fuel ratio and variations in the combustions temperature also contribute to the formation of pollutants. The main pollutants formed are sulfur oxides (SOx), nitride oxides (NOx), carbon monoxide (CO) and particulate matter (PM). These pollutants have detrimental health effects. The presence of a catalytic convertor reduces the amount of harmful emissions entering the atmosphere by changing the composition of the pollutants. One of the most important variables in determining spark-ignition engine emissions is the fuel/air equivalence ration. GRAPH OF EMISSIONS!! To ensure smooth and reliable operation, SI engines are typically run close to stoichiometric, or slightly fuel-rich. From graph (ABOVE), lean mixtures give lower emissions until the quality becomes poor and back-fire occurs. In a cold engine, fuel vaporization is slow, the fuel flow is increased to provide an easily combustible fuel-rich mixture in the cylinder. Until the engine warms up and the enrichment is removed, the CO and HC emissions are high OpenWAM Simulation Software OpenWAM is a 1-dimensional gas-dynamics engine thermodynamic cycle simulation code. It was developed by the CMT- Motores Tà ©rmicos of the Universidad Polità ©cnica de Valencia, Spain. openWAM Modeling is an important technique for the optimization of internal combustion engines (ICE). The use of calculation models together with experimental tests is producing unquestionable successes due to the fact that both techniques complement each other. 1D wave action models simplify the engine by means of ducts, where only one dimension is considered, and volumes where mass accumulation is considered and the gas properties are uniform in the entire element. Finally, non dimensional models are used to solve connections between 1D and 0D elements. Thanks to more than 20 years, more than 10 PhD Thesis and many research projects and publications, CMT-Motores Tà ©rmicos has developed an own 1D gas dynamic tool called WAM which gathers an important know-how on air management, compressible flow, turbocharging, chemical species tracking, numerical analysis and many other aspects of engine modeling http://www.cmt.upv.es/WAM_02_02.aspx 1 dimensional modeling can reproduce the behavior of the engine under transient conditions when the injected fuel and the engine speed change during the simulation. For these applications, a heat transfer model is very important to take into account the heating process that the different parts of the engine undergoes during the transient. http://www.cmt.upv.es/img/WWam04.png http://giantmaw.com/Photo%20Album/Image%20Library/Cars/BMW/MWerks%20Forums%20the%20BMW%20Engine%20FAQ_files/4981_832.jpg

Consumer Attitudes and Behavior Towards Ikea

Consumer Attitudes and Behavior Towards Ikea 1. Introduction: IKEA is one of the main home furnishing chains in the world and especially in Malaysia. As IKEA originated in Sweden and have a strong position here it is motivating to study the consumers attitudes toward the company in Kualalumpur, Malaysia. IKEA companies have information about their customers opinions, attitudes and behavior .They will have the greater effect in comparison to their competitors. To analyze the attitudes to IKEA I prepared a questionnaire in Kualalumpur. The respondents are chosen randomly between Iranian people, after an overview the paper designed the methodology part, its describes how the proses have been done. The chapter explains the hypothetical framework, which absolutely contracts with attitudes. In the analysis chapter each question in the questionnaire is offered and explained separately. The study is then used to make decisions. Some of the decisions ended were: Ikeas main target group is well-represented customers nowadays. IKEA have very strong position in the home furnishing market. The price and product kind is the key reasons for purchasing at IKEA . A Better Everyday Life Organization: VISION: Ikeas vision is to create attractively home furnishings to a great customer segment, if you noticed to other main furniture stores; good design is offered only for a small part of the people who can have enough money. It means that IKEA have to answer to the home furnishing requirements of people all over the World Ikeas strategy: People have different needs and wants, ideas, aims; all these people need to design their home and provide a beautiful environment in which to enjoy. In selection a better everyday life, IKEA suggestions an extensive choice of home furnishings in IKEA stores. IKEA is well branded worldwide. Their product variety (18 000 products) is almost similar in All countries. This indicates that IKEA have a global product strategy that is extremely standardized. Ikeas marketing concept is Low price with meaning. When introduction of IKEA in Porters 3 Basic Strategies, IKEA enter by directing on low prices. The main target group is young families who build up their first home. But all customers who think through price as an important argument when purchasing home furnishings are an important target group. Consumers within the organization feel to clearly knowing the I Keas purpose. It is also important that they need a strong sense of fitting. The characteristics of the company must spring from the own origins. IKEA have undoubtedly been able to use their origins. 1.2. History 1943 the creator of IKEA, Ingvar Kamprad, records the name IKEA. 1950 was the first time furnitures go into the IKEA product collection. In 1951 the first IKEA list was issued. First furniture showroom was opened in 1953 in Älmhult, Sweden. 1955 was the year IKEA brings into being to design its own furniture. The first IKEA store opens in Älmhult, Sweden in 1958. In 1963 IKEA opens a store in Norway. The store in Stockholm, inspired by the Guggenheim Museum in New York, opens in 1965. 3.Vision: Was self-service, open warehouse would help customers cut down on Waiting time. 1969-1996 Stores were opened in: Denmark, Germany, Australia, Canada, Austria, Singapore, Netherlands, the Canary Islands, France, Iceland, Saudi Arabia, Belgium, Kuwait, USA, UK, Hong Kong, Italy, Hungary, Poland, the Czech Republic, the United Arab Emirates, Mallorca, Slovakia, Taiwan, Finland, Malaysia and Spain. 1.4. The purpose: Is that the home furnishings are associating good design, good purpose and good quality with low prices so that as many people as possible can pay for them. IKEA sold their World Wide Living Room Web Site on the Internet. In 1998 the first IKEA store was opened in mainland China. Literature review: Analysing consumer behaviour is perceived as cornerstone of a successful marketing strategy (Papers4you.com, 2006). Consumer behaviour is the mental and emotional processes and the observable behaviour of consumers during searching purchasing and post consumption of a product and service (Batra Kazmi, 2004). Similarly Engel (et al, 1990) refers consumer behaviour as the action and decision process of people who purchase goods and services for personal consumption. WHAT IS CONSUMER BEHAVIOUR? It is necessary to understand consumer behavior; this is based on the activities leading to the acquisition and use of goods or services, including decision-making processes that determine a purchase. In this process the consumer performs actions such as search, purchase, use and evaluation of products expected to be used to meet their needs (Solomon Michael, 2007). The activities, processes and social relations to which reference has been made include various actions of the consumer: knowledge of a need, when you make a comparison between stores, the simple reasoning of information that are available in regard to the benefits and risks of the desired product, or seek advice from a friend about a new product. The purchase of a product includes experiences such as mental and physical stimulation, social changes, the more status and power. (Kollat David). Attitude has a significant effect on purchasing a brand and choosing the place for shopping, moreover new products emerge in the market or exiting products future demand can be predicated by measuring consumers attitude.(Blackwell et al,2001). Method Approach The ways to pay attention to different situations vary due to several factors. There are numerous different methods of looking at the same phenomenon. My perception of this paper is mostly unbiased by the facts that I am a business Management student with put emphasis on marketing and I have a great attention in internal design. People have different methods to set situations due to attitude to behavior and individual norms. Past experiences and demographics also create a difference in approach. In making I have tried to be as unbiased as possible when studying collected material. It is important to mention that it is difficult to be one hundred percent neutral and without bias. What is understood depends on who understands it and what is to be understood. 3.2 Method: As we know market research is only one type of marketing research. The resolution is to make the study standardized. This is able by giving the same Questions and answer to all respondents. There is no warranty that the information collected from the questionnaire is relevant to the case recognition. I have selected to use very short questions to insure that they would be easy to Understand and to decrease the risk of misunderstanding. When dealing with short questions the Respondents have to think noticeably and ignore redundant parts. The information I needed was collected by using a quantitative method and questionnaire. After gaining the information, I used SPSS statistic 17.0 for analyze my data. 3.3 The questionnaire: One of the most important points in this plan has been designing the questionnaire. I have chosen to use short question that would be easy to understand. The price of creating a questionnaire is half of what a phone discussion costs and a tenth of the cost of an individual interview33 I have chosen close questions because I want to consider the population in general terms. It makes it easier to create a general picture of the respondents opinions I designed 6 questions for 50 respondents 3.4 Conformation of population: The population in my case is IKEAs Iranian customers in Kuala Lumpur. It is hard to find out, how many Iranian customers of IKEA has in Kuala Lumpur, and then it is quite unmanageable to know how many times each customer visit to the store. 3.5 Method of selection: I chose to use the non-probability selection (quota selection). This method is versus the random sample. The sub-group that I have been selected is: Age Average income Educational level Gender Theory 4.1 Consumer Behavior: Consumer behavior is one of the main parts in marketing; there are many different ideas about it. The basic principal of marketing are needs and wants, these two factors make the process of buying decision. One of the most popular theories is the Consumer Decision. My study emphases on the attitudes and behavior before the buy, what defines the buy and not the actual buy? Companies succeed if and when considerate what consumers want. This of course makes them very interested in how to effect on consumer behavior. The process of the buy is as important. Consumer behavior is included to: Consumer expectation, store image, needs, wants, culture, age, education, income level. 4.2 Marketing Mix: The marketing mix is the base of marketing tools a company practices to chase its marketing Goals in the target market. The most popular way to consider the marketing mix is over the eyes of the supplier. The 4Ps: Product, Price, Place and Promotion. When considering the marketing mix from the buyers opinion you catch the4Cs: Customer needs and wants, Cost to the customer, Convenience and Communication. The companies that can meet the 4Cs will be winners. By a multifaceted contact between the individual and environmental factors and the marketing mix the consumer estimate the stimuli. When taking done the process the consumers have got a conclusion about the product or service. If the decision is positive it does not mean that the consumer really will purchase the product or service. It is one thing to consider about doing something. Truly doing it is a much bigger stage. Attitudes designed directly are showed to be steadier than indirect formed attitudes like questionnaires. Finally it is meaning that defines what behavior the consumer will selected there are many factors that control the consumer behavior process. Many of these are fairly difficult to influence for a marketer. They have to focus more on the factors they can affect. The most vital factor one can use to influence is perception. The motivation that information gives is there for the factor that initiates the process that tends to the consumers decision. 4.3 Buying behavior: There are many main aspects that effect on a consumers purchasing behavior: Culture Social Personal Psychological Depending on the kind of product a buyer wants to purchase the buying behavior differs. Costly, complex products that a customer does not purchase often calls for high involvement decisions. The customer looks for information about the Low involvement decisions or unchanging problem resolving follow a somewhat different purchasing design. The consumer knows what he/she want and do not gauge different changes IKEA emphases a lot on trying to impact customers when the turn through the store. This is ended by setting products with very competitive prices at tactical spaces in the store 4.4 Attitudes: This cause is one of the most motivating and vital factors for marketers. Attitudes to a company make a company image. Therefore, a strong company image offers good business. The Attitude is often supposed to reproduce a persons deep values; it means that the attitudes are used as an evaluative tool. We weigh products, people, and events and so forth by using our involvements and attitudes the first parts of the consumer behavior process is the base that leads to the consumers final decision-making. So one realizes why it is of importance for the companies to study about the consumers attitudes.    5. Survey In the text below I will consider each question in questionnaire separately to evaluate the Respondents answers. The questionnaire is bounded in the end of this paper. 5.1 Demographic Variables: To conclusion and analyze the respondents attitudes one need to select related Demographic variables. I have therefor used age, income and geographic area, And gender as variables, I follow them to be related and exciting in my study. The demographic variable was offered first in the questionnaire. 5.1.1 Gender: The consumer behavior and attitudes vary among the sexes. Usually women have a more attention to home furnishing compare to men. In my survey 40 percent of the respondents were men and 60 percent women. It is a good proportion . 5.1.2 Acceptation: The buying behavior and attitudes differ between the occupations. In my survey students were in majority compare to others. Student Dr. Secretory lecturer house hold 60% 8% 4% 4% 24% Obviously, international students have limited budget for buy, especially furniture. 5.1.3 Age: The respondents age, always, impact what kind of home furnishing they need. Young people are launching their first home 0-15 16-30 31-40 41-5 4% 24% 48% 24% Age 31-40 is over-represented and 0-15 is under re -presented .0-15 years old do not have their own money to buy. The most important target group for IKEA among Iranian is 31-40 years old. 5.1.4 Marriage: In my survey, 28% of respondents were single, 72% were married. This is a good proportion. People who married, they are more interesting to furnish the house compare to singles. Single married 28% 72% Number of children: 0 1 2 3 40% 12% 20% 12% 6. SURVEY QUESTION 6.1 QUESTION ONE: I am in IKEA (timely/y) 1-2 3-5 56% 44 There is no any reason for other times; it means respondents never go to IKEA more than 5 times a year. According to analysis 56% of respondents go to IKEA1-2 times a year. 6.2 QUESTION TWO: What the respondents have bought at IKEA during the past five years? Bed couch kitchen bookshelf kitchen appliances 36% 24% 12% 16% 12% 6.3 QUESTION THREE AND FOUR: According of IKEAs position in the market, the question is: Where they buy most of their furniture? Which company has the best quality? 100 percent of respondents answered were (IKEA), IKEAs strategic plan (high quality, low price, good service) is making the consumers loyal to company and it seems that the IKEA is successful. 6.4 QUESTION FIVE: I wanted to know how different aspect of IKEA was graded (1-5) Product quality: Very good Good Ok Not so good 40% 28% 28% 4% Product quality compared to price: Very good Good Ok Not so good 56% 36% 8% 0% The store location: Very good Good Ok Not so good 8% 8% 36% 44% Disposition of the store: Very good Good Ok Not so good 12% 40% 48% 0% Service: Very good Good Ok Not so good 48% 40% 12% 0% Payment method: Very good good ok not so good 20% 68% 12% 0% 7. RECOMMENDATION: According to result of survey: 100% of respondents chose IKEA for satisfying their needs of furniture instead of LUZINI, EMPIRE, and HOMES HARMONY. IKEAs target market could be women (60%),student(60%), between age31-40(48%), married(72%), who visit IKEA 1-2 times a year(56%),they bought bed(36%)and couch (24%). Respondents believes that IKEAs product quality compare to price, is very good (56%) and good (36%). IKEA location for (44%) is not so good and for (36%) is ok. IKEAs service for (48%) is very good and for (40%) is good. Around (68%) of respondents are satisfy about payment system. IKEAs furniture is more familiar between Iranian who is resident in Malaysia. Majority of respondents are satisfy about price and quality of IKEAs furniture because they are student and have a limited budget for purchasing household items. As Iranians are influenced by peer group, they are not looking for other brands such as LUZINI, HOMES HARMONYà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ The other reason that IKEAs furniture is well-known between Iranian is excellent IKEAs advertising. Price, quality, advertising, innovation in producing new product, are the basic points to attract positive attitude toward IKEAs furniture. IKEA adopted its products to global market. 8. Conclusion In this part, it is obvious that many of Iranian people know very well IKEA products and also they included to middle consumer income group. Understanding, what different consumers purchase is the basic information and very interesting for IKEA. IKEA, recently has improved the rang of its products, especially in terms of furniture with approximately the same price. The majority of IKEAs consumers between Iranian are student with limited budget. I think Iranian people who staying in kualalumpur, are not familiar with another brands as much as IKEA. They introduce IKEA to each other based on their past experience and friendly recommendation. These consumers of are interest when encourage the more expensive products and have to thinking about it. IKEA advertisement for Iranian is very interesting, and consumers from low -income areas tend to buy more from IKEA. Since the price is low, the quality is high and everyday innovation in IKEAs products is obvious. IKEA gives the new idea to consumers who do not know which products they need for their house. IKEAs product attracts consumers with its innovation and considering consumers expectation. It is understandable that IKEA pay more attention on its consumers, their needs, wants, expectations, images, culture. Different age, job, purchasing power, culture, attitudes and habits needs different marketing, setting price, quality and store location because these factors obviously influence the consumers. REFERENCES: IKEA.2011.01.21 IKEA facts figures.ikea.com IKEA student information www.701 pandan.com www.Marketingpilgrim.com/2010 www.mpdailyfix.com/IKEA Blackwell, R, D;Miniard,P.W;Engel,j.f.2001 consumer behavior [13] Hyunjoo Oh, So-Yeon Yoon and Jana Hawley, what virtual reality can offer to the furniture industry, journalof textile and apparel, technology and management. Volume 4, Issue 1, summer 2004 Shiv, B. and A. Fedorikhin (1999), Heart and Mind in Conflict: The Interplay of Affect and Cognition in Consumer Decision Making, Journal of Consumer Research, 26 (December), 278-292. Cacioppo, J., S. Harkins, and R. Petty (1981), The Nature of AttitudesandCognitive Responses and Their Relationship to Behavior, Cognitive Responses in Persuasion, R. Petty, T. Ostrom, and T. Brock, eds., (Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates). Zajonc, R. (1968), Attitudinal Effects of Mere Exposure, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 9, 1-27. Petty, R., R. Unnava, and A. Strathman (1991), Theories of Attitude Change, in Handbook of Consumer Behavior, T. Robertson and H. Kassarjian eds., (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall).

Macbeth: Describe Macbeth As A Tragic Hero :: essays research papers

MACBETH AS A TRAGIC HERO Tragic heroes are within everyone, but cannot be fully exposed or understood without the essential tragic qualities. One must be a potentially noble character who endures heroic qualities and has respect and admiration from the society. Consequently, they must be essentially great. Also within the character must be a flaw or weakness that leads to a fall. Lastly, one is required to possess an element of suffering and redemption. Remorse and regret is a necessity for ones wrong doings or deeds. One’s pays for their wrong doings because of failure to find happiness and regrets for actions taken. Therefore they die heroically. In the play â€Å"Macbeth† this quality of a tragic hero is portrayed though the character Macbeth.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The quality of a tragic hero in Macbeth is portrayed first by his position in society and his establishment of greatness. Macbeth is appreciated as a noble character and endures a high rank in the country of Scotland. He aided King Duncan in several victorious battles and his ranking was increased as a result of this. He was crowned Thane of Cawdor in addition to the Thane of Glamis. Macbeth’s position was also seen as high to the Scotish citizen’s because of his relation to the king. However, Macbeth’s bravery on the battlefield was great. â€Å"Till he unseamed him from the nave to the chops, and fixed his head upon the battlements.† (Act 1, Sc.2) And for his victory he receives lavish praise in reports from the Captian and Ross, a Scotish Nobleman. â€Å" †¦As sparrows eagles, or the hare the lion. I must report they were as cannons overcharged with double cracks.† (Act 1, Sc. 2) Macbeth is shown as extravagant on terms o f what they say. He was also complemented several times by the Thane of Fife, Macduff. Furthermore, he was labeled several strong and brave animals on the battlefield, throughout the play. These many assessments and evaluations contribute greatly towards Macbeth’s appearance as a hero.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Macbeth’s relationship with his wife, Lady Macbeth, also confirms his innate goodness and suggests well for him. Lady Macbeth highly respects and admires her husband as the Thane of Cawdor and refers to him as â€Å" †¦my dearest partner of greatness.† (Act 1, Sc.5) She constantly demands that she understands Macbeth more than any other. This results in the others being expected to believe her. However, she incessantly declares that he is much too kind, â€Å"Yet I do fear thy nature; It is too full o’ the milk of human kindness†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Act 1, Sc 5) Lady Macbeth acknowledges that he has ambition but maintains that he lacks the evil that should attend it. Macbeth: Describe Macbeth As A Tragic Hero :: essays research papers MACBETH AS A TRAGIC HERO Tragic heroes are within everyone, but cannot be fully exposed or understood without the essential tragic qualities. One must be a potentially noble character who endures heroic qualities and has respect and admiration from the society. Consequently, they must be essentially great. Also within the character must be a flaw or weakness that leads to a fall. Lastly, one is required to possess an element of suffering and redemption. Remorse and regret is a necessity for ones wrong doings or deeds. One’s pays for their wrong doings because of failure to find happiness and regrets for actions taken. Therefore they die heroically. In the play â€Å"Macbeth† this quality of a tragic hero is portrayed though the character Macbeth.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The quality of a tragic hero in Macbeth is portrayed first by his position in society and his establishment of greatness. Macbeth is appreciated as a noble character and endures a high rank in the country of Scotland. He aided King Duncan in several victorious battles and his ranking was increased as a result of this. He was crowned Thane of Cawdor in addition to the Thane of Glamis. Macbeth’s position was also seen as high to the Scotish citizen’s because of his relation to the king. However, Macbeth’s bravery on the battlefield was great. â€Å"Till he unseamed him from the nave to the chops, and fixed his head upon the battlements.† (Act 1, Sc.2) And for his victory he receives lavish praise in reports from the Captian and Ross, a Scotish Nobleman. â€Å" †¦As sparrows eagles, or the hare the lion. I must report they were as cannons overcharged with double cracks.† (Act 1, Sc. 2) Macbeth is shown as extravagant on terms o f what they say. He was also complemented several times by the Thane of Fife, Macduff. Furthermore, he was labeled several strong and brave animals on the battlefield, throughout the play. These many assessments and evaluations contribute greatly towards Macbeth’s appearance as a hero.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Macbeth’s relationship with his wife, Lady Macbeth, also confirms his innate goodness and suggests well for him. Lady Macbeth highly respects and admires her husband as the Thane of Cawdor and refers to him as â€Å" †¦my dearest partner of greatness.† (Act 1, Sc.5) She constantly demands that she understands Macbeth more than any other. This results in the others being expected to believe her. However, she incessantly declares that he is much too kind, â€Å"Yet I do fear thy nature; It is too full o’ the milk of human kindness†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Act 1, Sc 5) Lady Macbeth acknowledges that he has ambition but maintains that he lacks the evil that should attend it.

The Secret Diary of Lady Macbeth :: essays research papers

The Secret Diary of Lady Macbeth After receiving a letter from Macbeth Earlier today, I received a most urgent letter from Macbeth. He told me that he was accosted by three witches on the night of the battle between Scotland and Norway. They greeted him "All hail Macbeth, hail to thee, Thane of Glamis! All hail Macbeth, hail to thee, Thane of Cawdor! All hail Macbeth, that shalt be King hereafter!" Macbeth was "rapt" with what the witches had said and tried to question them further but they vanished into a haze of fog. I could see his enthusiasm from his vocabulary and could tell that he believed the witches, even though they are feared and many hundreds have been burned. He said he "burned in desire" to question them further, indicating that he was almost on fire with this knowledge that came from the "perfect'st report". Witches have metaphysical powers and "more in them than mortal knowledge". Later that day Macbeth received a message from the King saying he was to become Thane of Cawdor. He called me his "dearest partner of greatness" and plans to share the glory of the golden round with me. He sent the letter by messenger despite the danger of the contents being read by others, when it could have waited until he arrived here. Having seen Macbeth's enthusiasm, I will take my cue from him. His letters have "transported me beyond this ignorant present". I nearly told a messenger who brought news of the King coming to stay, of my thoughts and for one moment, I reacted as though Macbeth were already King, and I Queen, I must be more careful in the future. I have made the decision that Macbeth will be King, the only problem being that he is "too full of the milk of human kindness" and does not have it in him to do the unthinkable deed, at heart Macbeth is a giver and not a destroyer. I see my role as Macbeth's strengthener. I wish that I could persuade him to "catch the nearest way". To this end, I asked the evil spirits to take my womanly qualities away. I asked them to take my milk and replace it with gall. I am asking to become a poisoner instead of a nourisher. I asked for unnatural darkness so that heaven will not see and cry: "Hold, hold!" No one must see the murder, as killing the King is an unthinkable act; it is just like killing God.

Communication issues Essay

There are a number of brands that offered good products but they failed miserably because they were not able to sell enough of their products or services. Too often we see that so many promising airlines close because they wer not able to sell enough tickets and control costs and so on. The thing is that marketing and indeed branding is dependent on the way customers perceive a particular product. It is therefore critical for companies to ensure firstly that the right message is sent to the customers and secondly at the end of it all the message does reach without too much noise and disturbances. There are hundreds of thousands of brands that are being advertised on television and print media and therefore it is so important that companies are precise with their message such that the message is across to the customers and they retain it from an option of virtually an infinite list of brands. This is precisely why we have stressed the need to brand products in such a way that only one main distinguishing factor is higlighted in the promotional campaign. This is extremely crucial because it allows customers to easily understand and retain the message of the company’s brand. Another thing that is related to this concept is the use of appropriate media while sending the message to the customers. Certain time slots in the television medium are expensive compared to others because of the viewership and other factors; these are the things that campaign managers must identify and address. Target audience must be the ones who should watch the adverts atleast otherwise the whole cost could go to waste. What we have discussed in the communication issues heading is that firms need to address certain brand specific issues to avoid mal-function of the whole advertising campaign. Without enough ammunition that is directed at the right target market firms will end up with a disadvantaged cost benefit analysis. Advertisement campaigns must fulfill their key goal that is getting the desired message to the right audience group. Conclusion It is of critical importance that the right message is first identified and then send to the customer using which ever media that best suits the audiences. It might sound a difficult task but many small and large companies have been able to establish powerful brand names across the globe. Some of the most important things that we think are crucial to success of a brand campaign include adequate market research; without adequate market research and analysis it is very difficult to know what the customers think and which places do they look at when they want to buy new clothing lines. Another important factor is the way the brand distinguishes itself from other similar brands; this can be done through originality of the thought process and getting the basic original idea of the product to the customers. Secondly the pricing and packaging of the product must be according to the image that has been portrayed through advertisements and other campaigns. There is also a case for companies to target market costumers through placing the product just at the right place. This not only increases credibility but it also strenghtens the market position of the brand and the company. We must also understand that sometimes its important to factor in the initial response of the crowd about the product this attitude of constant improvement can help the company keep its brands healthy and robust. It is of critical importance for firms to avoid disturbances that might impede the message that they want their customers to receive. An important step is to first clean out and simplify the message and secondly look to develop a platform which attracts attention. For instance television adverts of Vodafone are so well choreographed that they attract the customers attention and then they tell the message in stories and other forms. This is a very good strategy to avoid any noise and disturbance from other advertisements that might be playing side by side. The Vodafone television advertisement campaign is a prime example of how firms can make an impression in the minds of the consumer for a long lasting time. Ultimately it’s the costumer base that will determine the result of the branding drive and whether it would be successful or not. The brand must be focused on a particular strength and acceptable demand of the costumers. Bibliography: Bud, Richard, 2003. Interdisciplinary approaches to human communication. Transaction Publishers. OPCUK, n. d. Examples of internal communication approaches, viewed February 6, 2010 < http://www. opcuk. com/downloads/examples_of_internal_communication_approaches. pdf> Branding Strategy Insider, 2010. Why a Branding Strategy Blog? Viewed February 9, 2010 < http://www. brandingstrategyinsider. com/> Brand Identity Guru, n. d. Brand Strategy, viewed February 8, 2010 < http://www. brandidentityguru. com/brand_strategy.htm> About. com, 2010. Developing Your Brand Strategy, viewed February 8, 2010 < http://marketing. about. com/od/brandstrategy/tp/brandstrategydev. htm> Gelder, Sicco, 2005. Global Brand Strategy: Unlocking Brand Potential Across Countries, Cultures and Markets. Kogan PageLimited Keller, Lewi, Keller, 2008 Strategic brand management: building, measuring and managing. Mission Statements. com, n. d. Fortune 500, viewed February 7, 2010 < http://www. missionstatements. com/fortune_500_mission_statements. html>.